政治学 — 全 下位分類

Scholars from political science and law examine the latest research on the constitutionalization of politics in comparative perspective.

The scope includes both inter- country and intra- country perspectives, institutional and systemic analyses, common and civil law systems, focusing on historical and contemporary case studies. There are chapters limited to a concrete legal and political system, analyzing the tools and processes guarding constitutionalization of politics in such countries as the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Finland, and Bulgaria, as well as studies offering comparative analysis of various institutions representing different countries and different legal and political systems. Taken together, this book uncovers a wide variety of legal and political cultures, systems of governments, and forms of territorial organization. Once uncovered, this approach makes it easier to determine repetitive patterns which may be observed in constitutional review and constitutional interpretation, or significant differences occurring in the models of constitutionalization of politics around the world.

Constitutionalization of Politics in Comparative Perspective tackles important debates among academics interested in the theoretical and practical aspects of constitutions and constitutionalism and will appeal to social scientists, including sociologists, philosophers, security studies and international relations experts but also cultural studies scholars.

The publication is a result of a research project "Constitutionalization of Politics as an Element of Checks and Balances System in Comparative Perspective" funded by the Polish National Science Center (NCN, 2018/31/B/HS5/02637).

This book examines why and how different countries developed different policy positions and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in the early phase, by surveying a sample of countries that are geographically, politically, and culturally diverse, particularly those representing the East and the West.

Exploring nine countries, namely four Western countries (Finland, Germany, United States, and Sweden) and five Asia-Pacific countries (Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam), contributors to this comprehensive new book compare and contrast similarities and differences in political systems, (de)centralization, policy responses, citizen engagement, and other factors. Written by experts on public policy within each of the counties explored, the chapters investigate how policy responses may be linked to the spread of the virus and fatalities in each location, drawing lessons from those experiences. Coercive tools (border control, school closure, movement constraints), incentive tools (emergency assistance, economic boosting assistance), and informative and facilitative tools (public information campaigns for social distancing, mask wearing) are all explored. In addition to policy responses, other contributing factors are carefully weighed, including national health care systems, applications of digital technology, institutional arrangements and governance systems, and political and civic culture.

This book is required reading for undergraduate and graduate students interested in comparative public policy and public governance, as well as policy-makers, government officials, and nonprofit workers in both developed and developing countries.

This book is the first to examine in minutiae the politics of Gottlob Frege (1848-1925), and his connections with various traditions of far-right and fascist thought.

Frege was a philosopher of logic, language, and mathematics. But he also believed that one could reconcile the politics of the far right with a firm commitment to reason-guided inquiry and scientific objectivity. The fundamental claim of the text is that Gottlob Frege was, from the early 1890s to the mid-1920s, an anti-democratic, nationalist political thinker and that his political thought eventually took on a fascist character. This book makes no attempt to vilify or demonize Gottlob Frege, nor does it try to rescue him from criticism. It simply seeks to tell the truth about Frege's descent into fascism: to document it in hitherto unprecedented detail; to situate it in the context of intellectual and political debates in early Weimar-era Germany; and to explain how it could have happened that someone so intelligent and so manifestly devoted to reason and logic could have embraced fascism with such unreserved enthusiasm.

Frege and Fascism will be of interest to scholars of analytic philosophy, intellectual history, fascism, and anti-democratic thought.

Expert authors from across the globe provide a comprehensive overview of the role that politics plays in transportation policymaking, highlighting the value of robust and critical analysis for identifying and developing more equitable and inclusive approaches to transportation policymaking. They examine how society can govern mobilities across multiple scales and explore how the benefits and burdens of transportation are distributed. The Handbook demonstrates how configurations of beliefs, interests, and institutions influence policy and outlines emerging methodologies that can be employed to increase understanding of current and emerging transportation challenges.

Presenting a new perspective on the ongoing scholarly and policy discussions in transportation, this Handbook is an essential resource for students and scholars in transport planning, political science, public policy and administration, regulation and governance, and geography. It will also appeal to practitioners and policymakers seeking to further understand the political dimensions of transportation.

In the new edition of this bestselling text and scholarly reference, new and revised chapters reflect shifts in the gendered, classed, racialized and sexualized nature of ongoing global restructurings.

Through fresh intersectional feminist analyses of widening health, climate, care, inequality, democracy and knowledge crises since the Great Financial Crisis and the deepening of many forms of capitalism, this volume stresses the complexities of multiple restructurings which demand new ways to think across sightings, sites and resistances. Some of each of these elements are in every chapter, which take the reader to different sightings, such as of neoliberalizations, neoauthoritarianizations, multipolarizations, financializations and migrations. They also bring into view different geographic sites, such as Hong Kong, sub-Saharan and North Africa, Canada, Mexico, Bangladesh and the trade blocs of the European Union and the BRICs, and different nongeographic sites such as productive and reproductive economies and the virtual economy of finance and digitalization. They further highlight different forms of women's and feminist resistance, such as local and national labor organizing, regional and multipolar organizing, reimagining infrastructure design and broadening noncapitalist community and solidarity economies. Many chapters critique problematic constructions of women's empowerment, and all challenge the machinations of neoliberal capital that undermine most women, marginalized peoples and the planet.

Providing a coherent and challenging approach to contemporary gendered globalization, better understood as global restructurings, since the last edition over a decade ago, Gender and Global Restructurings will be of interest to students and scholars of international political economy, international relations, economics, development and gender studies.

Multiple crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation and international conflict have damaged the global economy, highlighting deep structural flaws and setting in motion the ongoing process of fragmentation. Sovereign Europe investigates this phenomenon by summarising the history of Europe's international economic role, before outlining the economic opportunities now available to Europe as a result of simultaneous environmental and digital transitions. Authors Paolo Guerrieri and Pier Carlo Padoan assess Europe's position in the new world order, exploring its rivalry with China and relations with the Global South, arguing that in order for Europe to foster a stronger position in the global economy, it needs far more resources and policy tools than are at its current disposal.

Recognising the challenges economic sovereignty and strategic autonomy present, this book which follows an international political economy approach, is an illuminating read for students and scholars of economics, international relations, and European politics and integration. It is also of interest to practitioners and policymakers working in both national and international politics.

Chapters discuss how interests, ideas and institutions are the methodological and conceptual building blocks of political economy. The authors use these concepts to understand how markets work and why they fail, the problems facing the welfare state, the political economy of voting and democracy, and the problems of cooperation in a world of interdependent democracies. Covering the main analytical approaches that political economists have developed to tackle the complexities of this social world, the book expands on some of the most important questions confronting the field.

Understanding Political Economy is an invaluable resource for academics and students of political science, economics, and international relations. Its insights on capitalism, democracy and inequality are vital for policymakers in the field.

Police officers, social workers, teachers, and many other street-level bureaucrats exercise discretion in dealing with clients. In so doing, they make policy as it is experienced at the frontline. Instead of puzzling at repeated public policy implementation failures and wondering why street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) don't behave the way policy-makers expect, we need to understand the world as seen from the ground. This short and practical text explores the value of interpretive analysis for researching street-level bureaucracy.

Using Michael Lipsky's (1980) idea of SLB and connecting it to contemporary debates, Mike Rowe argues for an approach to researching SLBs that focuses on dilemmas in practice, ones that change with each policy shift, each new target, with austerity, and with new technology such that no settled state is likely. He places emphasis on the need to understand the ways SLBs respond to pressures in order to work with them and to understand what policy becomes in practice. Street-level bureaucrats and their clients are engaged in a process of sense-making.

Researching Street-level Bureaucracy is not just an essential resource for teachers and students of Master's and Doctoral programs in Public Administration, Public Policy, Social Work, and Criminal Justice, it is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the structural pressures that bear on the individual and how any change to the dilemmas confronted might play out at the street-level.

Levy identifies and expands on the vices of contemporary welfare capitalism, which have been previously targeted by progressive reformers seeking to improve the functioning of the economy while protecting the well-being of low-income and disadvantaged groups. Chapters delve into case studies from the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden and wider Europe that show progressive-liberal reforms by centre-left governments, assessing austerity budgets, tax cuts, the promotion of part-time employment and workfare. Levy provides a roadmap to guide the left's approach to economic liberalization and to ensure these actions can be understandable to voters. Ultimately, this book demonstrates how left-leaning governments across Europe can advance liberal objectives in a more just and inclusive manner.

Rethinking Economic Liberalization is an essential read for students and researchers of political science, political economy, sociology, public policy, and social welfare. Political practitioners and progressive think tanks will find the insights presented useful when navigating the challenge of economic liberalization.

This collection of essays engages in the analysis of key concepts, concerns, and cutting-edge insights in radical political economy.

Offering a robust critique of capitalist institutions as well as of mainstream economics, radical political economics reveals the structures and dynamics of global capitalism. The attention to method, ideology, and institutions differentiates it from mainstream approaches to economics, which often obfuscate how capitalism actually works. While maintaining a central focus on capitalism, the analyses in this book encompass a variety of issues from racial discrimination, gender inequality, to economic development and imperialism. Capitalism is an economic system based on the exploitation of workers to generate surplus value (profit) which is then appropriated by the owners of capital. Under global capitalism, profit maximization precedes other social concerns such as protection of the environment. Political economy understands that social relations are shaped by class, race, geography, and gender. Capitalism skews social relations of production and reproduction. It perpetuates inequalities along classed, gendered, racialized, and geographic lines.

Radical political economy offers ideas and policies to change capitalism, in ways that are more beneficial for people and the planet. Incorporating insights from a range of disciplines including history, philosophy, political science, anthropology, sociology, and law, the wide range of topics, diverse set of scholars, and consideration of future political-economy formations offers readers a deeper understanding of the contours of contemporary global capitalism and post-capitalist possibilities in the twenty-first century.

The National Audit Office has played an important role in the checks and balances of the UK parliamentary and political system over the last 40 years. This new book, more than just a history of the UK's supreme audit institution, examines the very definition of accountability through both an historic and an academic lens, critically exploring questions about the role of audit in a democracy and how well it is working.

Holding Government to Account draws on several unique sources of evidence, including interviews with senior officials from the National Audit Office and the civil service, as well as senior parliamentarians with experience of the NAO's relationships with government and legislature. These interviews are supplemented by an analysis of previously unpublished manuscript material in the National Archives, examination of NAO reports and parliamentary and other reports focused on accountability. The book begins with a history of the National Audit Office in the context of the UK's wider history. It then offers an overview of the constitutional, political and human legacies of the Exchequer and Audit Department, followed by a close examination of the National Audit Office's leadership and decision-making from inception in 1984 through to the present. The authors conclude with an exploration of the way in which the meaning of public sector audit has evolved over time, in accordance with its wider political, ideological and material context. In doing so, they demonstrate that any question about the National Audit Office's future and organisation is really a question about what democracy and good government mean in a modern bureaucratic state.

Holding Government to Account will be of keen interest to students enrolled in courses on accounting, public administration, law and politics as well as to politicians, civil servants and Supreme Audit Institutions internationally.

The Eastern Partnership (EaP) was launched in 2009 to strengthen institutional, economic and political relations between the European Union (EU) and the six Partnership countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine). Further, the adoption of the European Green Deal (EGD) for these countries can be seen as a turning point in policymaking, as well as an indication that the Green Deal will become a guide to transforming the economy and making it more sustainable. This book presents an innovative, geopolitical, multidimensional survey of EaP-EU relations and the future of Europe.

It analyses the situation of the Partnership countries in the context of sustainable development and explores the historical and strategic context of the integration of the Green Deal and its impact on the development of Europe. It examines the necessary conditions for the operation of the EGD in the countries of the EaP and examines the influence of geopolitical conflicts and their impact on the implementation of the EGD in the region. The book studies the political, economic, socio-demographic dimensions of geopolitics and their effect on EGD implementation in the Partnership and finally, identifies and evaluates the key challenges, and features a comparative analysis of the European Green Deal and similar environmental initiatives in other parts of the world. Such an approach helps place European efforts in a global context.

This is a valuable reference for students, scholars and researchers of economics, politics, geography, history, European studies, international relations, and environmental policy. Policymakers at the European, regional, and local government level will benefit from the book's policy recommendations and comprehensive insights.

Few topics generate as much controversy and debate as armed humanitarian intervention. Military force involves death and destruction, as well as interfering in other countries' domestic affairs. But, crucially, non-intervention is also controversial. When confronted with humanitarian crises abroad, many feel that outsiders are not only justified in using force to halt the abuses, but that they must do so. The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention: An Introduction offers a guide to these ethical debates.

In clear and informative style Jonathan Parry explores the following topics:

• The morality of defending others, including the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P).
• State sovereignty and self-determination as barriers to intervention.
• The possibility of consensual intervention.
• Just causes for intervention: what kinds of human rights abuses warrant intervention?
• The effectiveness of intervention: does it work in practice?
• Alternatives to intervention, including aiding rebels, economic sanctions, and providing aid.
• Whether there is a duty to intervene.

Examples of intervention - including the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Liberia, and Libya - are used to illustrate the ethical dilemmas in question. The arguments of important theorists of intervention, such as John Stuart Mill, Michael Walzer and Jeff McMahan, are also explained clearly and critically. Each chapter concludes with questions for discussion and reflection. The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention: An Introduction is ideal reading for students and researchers in philosophy, applied ethics, politics and international relations.

Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

Religion in Liberal Democracy as a Form of Life advances a theory to deal with the challenges connected to the liberal democratic ideal that all people are free to codetermine the future of their society and equally entitled to their religion and beliefs, given the historical bias towards Christianity in politics and culture within many European societies.

Religious diversity and social and political participation are in fact fiercely contested issues. Critical scholars from philosophy and cultural theory contest that liberal political theories of freedom of religion can adequately deal with issues connected to an increasingly diversified and secularized religious field in historically Christian societies. Consequently, they claim that politics based on such theories cannot deliver on the promise to ensure conditions that allow all members of society equal religious freedom and political participation. By outlining historical developments, and by closely examining case studies of recent controversies about religious diversity in Germany and the Netherlands, this book identifies shortcomings of the currently predominant liberal account of freedom of religion or belief. Based on this analysis, the author proposes a more complex theory of liberal democracy as a form of life, with religion and religious freedom as components of it. This takes into account that informal norms, social structures, and predominant notions of belonging can function as powerful obstacles to freedom and equality, even if formal legal and political institutions prohibit discrimination based on religion. Construing liberal democracy as a "form of life"-that is, as a set of social practices, attitudes, and their institutional manifestations and material expressions-shifts the focus of critical analysis from the law to informal structures and components. This provides an understanding of the dynamics of (culturalized) religion in society, which has often been missing in political philosophical theories. The theory proposed in this book provides normative criteria for building liberal democracies that are tolerant with respect to religious differences and solidaric in terms of ensuring conditions that allow all members of society to codetermine, as equals, the future of society, irrespective of their religion or beliefs.

This book will appeal to scholars of political theory, social and political philosophy, religious studies, sociology, and anthropology.