This book investigates the life experiences of youth in South Africa, considering whether contemporary youth have benefitted from the socioeconomic reconstruction of post-apartheid society.

Student protests against apartheid drove transformative change in South Africa, and the subsequent new constitution promised positive change for the nation's youth across a range of sectors. Adopting a sociological perspective, this book uses primary and secondary data sources to illustrate the myriad ways post-apartheid socioeconomic developments have impacted the life experiences of the country's youth across areas including health, education, family life, economic activity, technology, substance use, and politics. The book considers the historical legacy of colonialism, racism and immigration in shaping the context in which youth experiences in the country have evolved. The book argues that in 1976 South Africa's youth became the conscience of the nation when they brought the apartheid regime to its knees during the Soweto uprising. What happens to them now will continue to define the nation's future.

This book will be of interest to researchers across the social sciences, most especially in the fields of Sociology, Demography, Development Studies, and Psychology.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available by KU 2024 under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book examines India's public policies on cybersecurity and their evolution over the past few decades. It shows how threats and vulnerabilities in the domain have forced nation-states to introduce new policies to protect digital ecosystems. It charts the process of securitisation of cyberspace by the international system from the end of the 20th century to the present day. It also explores how the domain has become of strategic interest for many states and the international bodies which eventually developed norms and policies to secure the domain.

Consequently, the book discusses the evolution of cybersecurity policy at global level by great powers, middle powers, and states of concern and compares them with the Indian context. It also highlights the requirement of introducing/improving new cybersecurity guidelines to efficiently deal with emerging technologies such as 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data (BD), Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and cryptocurrency.

The book will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of cybersecurity, public policy, politics, and South Asian studies.

Winner of the 2025 ANPOCS Best Scientific Work

Modern liberal democracy and authoritarian collectivism have known diverse political regimes; autocratic, oligarchic or democratic, they each consist of a mixed, partly oligarchic regime in which plebeian politics are subordinated. With authoritarian collectivism's defeat, a return to modernity has produced one more hybrid configuration.

An in-depth investigation of political modernity and how it is differentiated from other forms of society, this book researches its origins and trajectory as a specific dimension of modern civilisation - articulating a renewed critical theory through an analysis of rights and law, politics, state and autonomy, social reproduction, crisis and political change.

Examining these diverse aspects, Political Modernity and Social Theory proposes an encompassing and far-reaching approach spanning past and present - stressing radical plebeian democracy and maintaining a strong opening to the future and to possible alternatives to modernity.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

This book looks at the regional policies of two 'middle powers' in the Indo-Pacific region, Taiwan and South Korea, and provides critical reflections on the ways both have sought to broaden their options for strategic manoeuvres with their southern neighbours.

The chapters in this edited volume carefully examine the 'New Southbound Policy' (NSP-T), introduced by Taiwan (2016-present), and the 'New Southern Policy' (NSP-K), by South Korea (2017-2022). Both policies are aimed at important neighbours, namely Southeast Asia and India, who are major recipients of Taiwanese and South Korean capital, technology, cultural influence, and educational aid, and seek to improve diplomatic and foreign relations of these two countries with the region.

Southward Bound: Examining the Regional Policies of Taiwan and South Korea will be of great value to students and scholars interested in Asian Studies, foreign policies of Asian countries, politics and international security. The chapters in this book were originally published in Asian Affairs.

This book presents a comprehensive analysis of a remarkable and unexpected outcome of the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence.

Despite defeat in the Scottish referendum, the two leading parties in the Yes campaign - the Scottish National Party and Scottish Green Party - experienced an extraordinary surge in membership. The book explains these events, examining the relationship between political parties and social movements, and it assesses the long-term consequences of the surge. Based on surveys of members and interviews with party and movement actors since the referendum, the book analyses the members' involvement in the 2014 referendum, their motives for joining a party, their backgrounds and political attitudes, and their behaviour as party members. A key component of the book is how the surge changed the parties - socio-demographically, ideologically and organisationally.

This book will appeal to scholars, students and observers of electoral politics, political participation, social and political movements, and political parties and their members, and more broadly to those interested in the debate on Scottish independence, British politics and comparative politics.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

The liberal use of the sedition law in recent years, mainly by state governments intolerant of dissenting opinion, has provoked justified controversy. After some prominent individuals fell afoul of the law, activists, journalists, lawyers, and jurists took up cudgels on behalf of the victims, and demanded that the law be scrapped, as it belongs to the colonial era. The Supreme Court of India, in May 2022, admitted a host of petitions challenging the law as upheld in Kedar Nath Singh vs Union of India, 1961.

The author believes that the fundamental right to free speech is a non-negotiable right in a democratic country, but the law is relevant for countering threats to national security and sovereignty. Examining the trajectory of the sedition law from its introduction by the British colonial power and its subsequent rejection by the Constituent Assembly of India, the author observes that the statute had to be hastily restored by the Provisional Parliament to cope with the challenges posed by communal rioting in many parts of the country, several years after independence. As such, it is pertinent in times of crisis. The current law undeniably needs safeguards against political misuse, but deserves a place on the statute.

Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)

The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization comprehensively and systematically explores the current understanding, and unchartered research paths, of autocratization.

With wide-reaching regional coverage and expert analysis from Asia, North and South America, Europa, the Middle East, and North Africa, this handbook reveals cross-country, and cross-regional, analysis and insights and presents in-depth explanations and consequences of autocratization. Arranged in five thematic parts, chapters explore the basic aspects of conceptualization, theorization, and measurement of autocratization; the role of various political and non-political actors as perpetrators, supporters, bystanders, or defenders of democracy against autocratization processes; and the consequences across various policy fields. Showcasing cutting-edge research developments, the handbook illustrates the deeply complex nature of the field, examining important topics in need of renewed consideration at a time of growing concerns for democracy and the global spread of authoritarian challenges to democracy.

The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization will be a key reference for those interested in, and studying authoritarianism, democratization, human rights, governance, democracy and more broadly comparative politics, and regional/area studies.

Chapter 2 and Chapter 11 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International license (chapter 2) and Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 International license (Chapter 11).

Uyghur Identity and Culture brings together the work of scholars, activists, and native Uyghurs to explore the history and growing challenges that the Uyghur diaspora face across the globe in response to shifting government policies forbidding many forms of cultural expression in their homeland.

The collection examines how and why the Uyghur diaspora, dispersed from their homeland to communities across Australia, Central Asia, Europe, Japan, Tuerkiye, and North America, now has the responsibility to preserve their language and cultural traditions so that these can be shared with future generations. The book critically investigates the government censorship of Uyghur literatures and Western media coverage of the Uyghurs, while centralizing real reflections of those who grew up in the Uyghur homeland. It considers the geographical and psychological pressures that the Uyghur diaspora endure and highlights the resilience and creativity of their relentless battle against cultural erosion.

Uyghur Identity and Culture is a key contribution to diaspora literature and calls to attention the urgent need for global action on the ongoing human rights violations against the Uyghur people. It is essential reading for those interested in the history and struggles of the Uyghur diaspora as well as anyone studying sociology, race, migration, culture, and human rights studies.

This book reveals how decisions regarding where to migrate are made, what factors are considered, how these change over time and why some destinations are more attractive to certain categories of people.

Based on rich existent, and new data, the book explains the destination choices of Polish migrants to the four most frequently chosen destinations countries: the UK, Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands. Examined through a sophisticated theoretical framework allowing for the incorporation of factors resulting from several fields - economics, public policies, demography - and migration theories, it paints a nuanced and balanced picture of European migration.

This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of migration studies, Central and Eastern European politics, and more broadly to sociology, political science, social geography and international relations.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Handbook of Terrorist and Insurgent Groups: A Global Survey of Threats, Tactics, and Characteristics examines the most current and significant terrorist and insurgent groups around the world. The purpose is to create a descriptive mosaic of what is a pointedly global security challenge.

The volume brings together conceptual approaches to terrorism, insurgency, and cyberterrorism with substantive and empirical analyses of individual groups, organisations, and networks. By doing so, not only does the coverage highlight the past, present, and future orientations of the most prominent groups, but it also examines and illustrates their key characteristics and how they operate, including key leaders and ideologues. Highlighting specific, individual groups, the chapters collectively present a robust and comprehensive outlook on the current geography of terrorism and insurgency groups operating in the world today.

This comprehensive volume brings the collective expertise and knowledge of more than 50 academics, intelligence and security officials, and professionals together, all of whom are considered subject experts in their respective areas of research and practice. The volume is based on both desk-based and fieldwork conducted by experts in these areas, incorporating analyses of secondary literature but also the use of primary data including first-hand interviews on the various groups' regions of operation, their tactics, and how their ideologies motivate their actions.

The Art of the Eurasian Steppe is a contextual analysis which traces the stylistic transformation of artefacts depicting animals from various cultures of the Eurasian steppe, and investigates its possible influence on Central and Northern European art. A wide range of individual cultures are "visited" and their historic, cultural, and geographic specifics are explored. The survey in this book is based on a chronological structure, including an East-West geographic direction. This accommodates to position described artefacts of certain styles within time periods, cultures, and locations.

Most of the existing literature related to cultures of the Eurasian steppe is specialised on one particular culture or one archaeological excavation. The book is written as a hypothetical journey through time and space, structured in an east to west direction. It provides a wide-reaching overview by placing the discussed artefacts into a cultural, geographic, and chronologic frame, particularly the thousand years between 500 BC and 500 AD. Artistic expression and style are a central theme to explore possible relationships between civilisations of the Eurasian steppe and their influence on medieval Central and Northern European creation of artefacts.

Academics in the fields of art history, archaeology, history, and fine arts will find this book compelling/useful.

This volume provides a holistic overview of the long peace process in Nepal following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2006.

The date of 21 November 2021 marked the 15th anniversary of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) which concluded the decade-long civil war that had ravaged Nepal. Despite avoiding a resurgence of statewide conflict, Nepal's post-conflict era has been far from perfect. This era has witnessed ethnic violence, rampant corruption, the politicisation of key public institutions and a failure to fully implement the provisions of the CPA. The resulting lack of socio-economic progress has led to large-scale dissatisfaction within the country and even given rise to elements within Nepal who reject the framework of the CPA and the 2015 constitution.

With a focus on the years following the 2015 constitution, this book offers an analysis of post-conflict Nepal and explores issues relating to ex-combatants, transitional justice, women, socio-economic affairs, and federal governance. The contributors are all scholar-practitioners, some of whom had direct involvement in the peace process, and are therefore able to offer unique insights into the processes and challenges of Nepal's long journey to addressing past grievances and promoting future peace in the country.

This book will be of interest to students of peace studies, Asian politics, security studies and International Relations.

Miller examines Britain and Japan's involvement in the Middle East peace process after the October War of 1973 and how it contributed to the resolution of the oil crisis of 1973-74.

Using important primary sources from Japan, Britain, and the United States-including recently declassified Japanese documents that had not previously been examined-this book contends that previous literature failed to address the important role of Britain and Japan and their political impact on the development in the historical events of 1973 and 1974. The two countries threw their support behind the United States, backing its policies regarding not only oil but also the Arab-Israeli conflict. This enabled the United States to take the lead in the peace process as well as in discussions to resolve the energy crisis, which eventually led to the establishment of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Accordingly, this book challenges the accepted view that neither Anglo-American nor US-Japanese relations were important factors in the development of the abovementioned processes.

An insightful and illuminating read for scholars of the diplomatic history of the 1970s, and especially the complex web of tensions spanning from the Arab-Israeli conflict and between Arab oil-producing countries and developed consumer countries.

This book studies the social formation of India through the lens of religion, state, ethnicity, and governance. It provides a nuanced understanding of the structural as well as the processual aspects of the Indian social sphere. The volume studies diverse themes, such as the impact of religiosity on religious consciousness, the primacy of tribal identity in colonial India, political inclusion of marginalised communities, the emerging subaltern activism, among others.

An important contribution, this book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of sociology, political sociology, South Asian studies, Affirmative action, and political science.

Piracy and the Making of the Spanish Pacific World offers a new interpretation of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippine islands. Drawing on the rich archives of Spain's Asian empire, Kristie Patricia Flannery reveals that Spanish colonial officials and Catholic missionaries forged alliances with Indigenous Filipinos and Chinese migrant settlers in the Southeast Asian archipelago to wage war against waves of pirates, including massive Chinese pirate fleets, Muslim pirates from the Sulu Zone, and even the British fleet that attacked at the height of the Seven Years' War. Anti-piracy alliances made Spanish colonial rule resilient to both external shocks and internal revolts that shook the colony to its core.
This revisionist study complicates the assumption that empire was imposed on Filipinos with brute force alone. Rather, anti-piracy also shaped the politics of belonging in the colonial Philippines. Real and imagined pirate threats especially influenced the fate and fortunes of Chinese migrants in the islands. They triggered genocidal massacres of the Chinese at some junctures, and at others facilitated Chinese integration into the Catholic nation as loyal vassals.
Piracy and the Making of the Spanish Pacific World demonstrates that piracy is key to explaining the surprising longevity of Spain's Asian empire, which, unlike Spanish colonial rule in the Americas, survived the Age of Revolutions and endured almost to the end of the nineteenth century. Moreover, it offers important new insight into piracy's impact on the trajectory of globalization and European imperial expansion in maritime Asia.

WINNER of the Triennial Distinguished Book Award, 2022-25, Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, Notre Dame University, South Bend, USA

This book explores Roman Catholic female missionaries and their placement in colonial and postcolonial India. It offers fascinating insights into their idiomatic activism, juxtaposed with a contrarian Protestant raj and with their own church patriarchies. During the Great Revolt of 1857, these women religious hid in church steeples. They were forced into the medical care of sexually diseased women in Lock Hospitals. They followed the Jesuits to experimental tribal village domains and catered for elites in the airy hilltop stations of the raj. Yet, they could not escape the eugenic and child rescue practices that were the flavour of the imperial day.
New geographies of race and gender were also created by their social and educational outreach. This allowed them to remain on the subcontinent after the tide went out on empire in 1947. Their religious bodies remained untouched by India yet their experience in the field built awareness of the complex semiotics and visual traces engaged by the East/West interchange. After 1947, their tropes of social outreach were shaped by their direct interaction with Indians. Many new women religious were now of the same race or carried a strongly anti-British Irish ancestry.
In the postcolonial world their historicity continues to underpin their negotiable Western-constructed activism - now reaching trafficked girls and those in modern-day slavery. The uncovered and multi-dimensional contours of their work are strong contributors to the current Black Lives Matter debates and how the etymology and constructs of empire find their way into current NGO philanthropy.

This book explores what to do with heritage that has been destroyed in conflict. It charts a path through the colonial histories and traumatic wars of Syria and Iraq to examine the projects and responses currently on offer and assess their flaws and limitations, including issues of digital colonialism, technological solutionism, geopolitical manoeuvring, media bias and community exclusion.

Drawing on current research into the psychology and neuroscience of trauma and trauma recovery, and taking inspiration from artists and creative thinkers who challenge the status quo, this book envisages gentler, creative and ethically-driven ways to respond to heritage damaged in conflict that recentre people and their hopes, dreams and needs at the heart of these debates.

This book examines the inclusiveness of city planning and design to address gaps in policies, strategies and design guidelines for developing trans-generational urban communities in India. Identifying key factors and measurable indicators of trans-generational cities within social, physical, and economic dimensions, the volume highlights the need for establishing age-friendly and child-friendly cities and communities. Through a systematic process of ground data collection, the book explores issues related to health, daily routine, lifestyle, recreation, and socialization within vulnerable groups, considering their physical and cognitive limitations for framing adaptable policies. The volume integrates a bottom-up and top-down approach by integrating the needs and perception of the target group obtained from extensive groundwork with the available theories and literature in allied fields adopting a step-by step synchronized methodology. It also presents the way forward for framing policies focusing on socio-economic security, participation, dignity, care, and self-fulfillment.

Offering rich empirical research, this book will be useful for students, teachers and researchers of architecture, urban design, urban geography, urban studies, urban development and planning, and child psychology. It will also be of interest to urban planners and designers, policy planners, local government authorities and professionals engaged in the discipline.