There is a fundamental paradox in counter-terrorism: while Muslim state elites insist that Islam has nothing to do with terrorism, the way Muslim states deal with terrorism has everything to do with Islam. In countries like Morocco and Tunisia, terrorism is treated by governments as if it is a religious problem. Elsewhere, in Malaysia, Islamic actors are relied upon to conduct "deradicalization" programs, Islamic institutions are the key authors of counter-radicalization materials, and Islamic expertise is often considered interchangeable with counter-terror expertise. These findings draw attention to a security logic whereby Islam and Islamic interventions have become central to solving the problem of terrorism. In this theoretically innovative and empirically rich book, Nicholas Chan argues that Malaysia's "Islamized" counter-terrorism is an outcome filtered through a matrix of factors, including postcolonial elite status-seeking, modernist state-building, and the immediacies of governmental problem-solving. Chan fills a void in the Western-centric Global War on Terror literature that often fails to examine what happens when Muslim actors must wage a "war" not of their making but strongly tied to their identity, security, and status. This book's original findings will interest scholars and students of security, international relations, area studies, and Muslim politics.

This book examines how Europe and the European Union are debated, politicised, and contested in a group of key (future) actors of European integration.

Based on detailed focus group discussions with students in EU studies and the social sciences in six EU countries, the book presents the core results of the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical work of the Jean Monnet Networks "Debating Europe" (www.debating-europe.de) that set out to study the gap between the EU and its citizens. The following chapters first theorise and conceptualise the gap, to then present the core empirical findings from the collective research. These findings show that students' views on democracy in the EU are similar across the countries. Quite unexpectedly, students express strong claims to the EU, lining out a "Normative Power Europe 2.0" that is a global actor, defends democracy, and fights climate change. The EU is associated with values such as equality, freedom, and the rule of law. In particular, non-EU citizens see the EU as an ideal. Students make out several gaps: between citizens and EU institutions, among different member states, and among citizens. Finally, the results reveal the students as critical and informed, but passive EU citizens.

This book is of key interest to scholars and students of European studies and EU integration studies, social and political sciences, and international relations.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International license.

This book explains Russian policies for developing the Northern Sea Route (NSR), analysing Moscow's public policy and national and geopolitical considerations in developing national maritime transport routes.

The state's organizational structure and regulatory framework are analysed to provide a comprehensive review of the participation of the regions of the Russian Arctic in the development of the NSR and the role of public-private partnership (PPP) mechanisms. Despite Western sanctions, Russia has continued its steadfast focus on developing the NSR, modifying its policies to keep its flagship project in the Arctic on track. This book assesses whether these goals are viable.

It will be of interest to policymakers, researchers, and scholars specializing in the Arctic, Arctic shipping, the NSR and public policy in the sphere of transport.

This Handbook offers a comprehensive collection of cutting-edge essays on all aspects of Security Sector Reform (SSR) by a mix of established experts and emerging scholars from diverse disciplines and geographic regions.

Born out of development policy interventions by advanced states and multilateral organizations in developing countries in the early 1990s, SSR looks at the question of how security can be provided in an appropriate way that respects democracy and human rights. This volume provides an academic treatment of the contested concept of SSR, considering how it evolved and became part of mainstream security discourse in the past three decades. The Handbook is divided into six sections. The first section reviews relevant theories and concepts, and includes chapters on security sector governance, non-traditional security threats, as well as coups and climate change and coups as security threats in the traditional and nontraditional sense. The second section covers development and peacebuilding as important social, economic, and political contexts that underpin the push for SSR across countries. The third section pays attention to the international dimension of SSR, as well as how the international community has tried to grapple with the concept of local ownership to achieve sustainable SSR interventions. The fourth part examines the main actors and institutions within the security sector. The fifth section discusses cross-cutting issues and reform areas that overlap with SSR such as human rights, gender equality, and transitional justice. The sixth section combines regional overviews of the SSR landscape in different regions, such as Europe, Latin America, Middle East, and Africa, which discuss the successes, problems, and challenges of SSR.

This Handbook will be of much interest to students of security sector reform, international relations, global governance, development studies and security studies, and will be a benchmark publication for practitioners in the security domain.

This book offers a rich and innovative study of multiracial social worlds in early-twentieth-century London, Liverpool, and Hong Kong - three port cities linked by their importance to global British shipping networks and circuits of Chinese migration. In these cities, Chinese, Black, South Asian and European people came together to foster multiracial communities which have been largely forgotten, remembered only through sensationalist fictions that reflected white anxieties about racial mixing. Nadine Attewell considers these vibrant multiracial worlds through the eyes of those who knew them best: people of mixed Chinese descent, for whom interracial intimacies were features of everyday life.

Mobilizing a wide range of archival materials, including photographs, community and family histories, and wartime intelligence reports, Attewell reconstructs the social experiences of people like Vera Leung, a working-class woman of Irish and Chinese descent growing up in Liverpool's interwar Chinatown, and Percy Chang, a Jamaican man of Chinese and African descent with a wide social network in Hong Kong. Rather than centering identity as the focus of mixed-race people's struggles, she asks what they did and with whom. Drawing on queer and feminist scholarship and integrating British, Asian, and diasporic histories, Attewell presents new ways of thinking about the everyday meanings of interracial intimacy, and practices of relation and survival under global conditions of colonial capitalist rule.

This book explores the political language of multilateralism in the context of three United Nations (UN) pillars: human rights, peace and security, and development. Focussing on the debates, ideas, and practices of international cooperation that have dominated the UN agenda since the early 1990s, it shows how a conceptual understanding of multilateralism could help strengthen the international community to face uncertainty and crises.

The authors analyze the language of multilateralism as employed when the UN handles cases of transnational challenges and seeks to establish an international response and argue that conceptual politics of multilateralism taking place in the UN concerning key contemporary challenges illustrate a lack of shared understanding of multilateralism but also a broad interest to promote alternatives for multilateral cooperation as an activity. Case studies illustrate the politics of multilateralism as an analytical concept and trace the practices, debates, and related concepts such as sovereignty, legitimacy, and authority.

This volume will appeal to scholars of political theory, international organizations, global governance, and international relations, as well as practitioners at think tanks and international organizations

This book explores how the United States responds to eight of today's most pressing global hotspots: Russia, China, Israel-Palestine, Ukraine, Iran, North Korea, the Caribbean Basin, and the Sahel.

Since World War II, the U.S. has held a central role in the international system-but its leadership is increasingly tested by rising tensions and conflicts around the world. Drawing on a clear framework of issues, interests, and actors, the authors examine how U.S. policies are shaped, the motivations behind them, and their impact on global stability.

Essential reading for students and scholars of American foreign policy, international relations, and global politics, this book offers a compelling look at the evolving role of the United States and its influence on the future of international peace and security.

Canada is a nation forged by immigration, but for many its promise is eclipsed by exclusion and precarity. A Renewed Canadian Welcome brings together the voices of those who experience the system firsthand to ask a question fundamental to public justice: What would our immigration policies look like if they were reimagined from a human rights perspective, informed by lived experience?

Blending personal narrative with sharp policy critique, this book unpacks topics such as refugee resettlement, immigration detention, labour exploitation, and family separation. It centres the perspectives of migrants, refugees, and advocates, describing the many barriers they face and detailing how, working together and with allied organizations, they have overcome bureaucratic hurdles, developed strategies, and mobilized policy goals. Contributors offer practical policy proposals that will transform Canada's immigration program: develop a human rights-based approach that responds to the precarity of all migrants; draw from the expertise of migrants and refugees to design effective policies; and strengthen civil society's role in immigration policymaking.

Born of the work of Citizens for Public Justice, a national research and advocacy organization, A Renewed Canadian Welcome is a must-read for those advocating for human rights in immigration policy. It is a compelling call to reimagine Canada's approach to immigration as one that affirms dignity, equity, and justice for all.

Chen examines China's unwavering foreign policy toward North Korea, Taiwan, and Mongolia, challenging conventional international relations theory. He introduces 'buffer thinking'-a geopolitical mentality driving China to secure peripheral territories against potential rivals regardless of global power shifts.

Drawing from extensive historical evidence spanning decades, this book demonstrates how buffer thinking functions as an intervening variable that mediates the effects of systemic polarity changes on state behavior. The analysis reveals how this defensive mindset-synthesizing geographical sensitivity, threat perception, and traumatic historical memories-creates a security perimeter extending beyond China's borders. By blending realist perspectives with constructivist insights, it offers a nuanced theoretical framework explaining why China's behavior toward these three states remains 'territorially conditional.'

This is essential reading for international relations scholars and students of geopolitics seeking fresh analytical approaches to buffer state dynamics. It is also a valuable resource for policymakers and diplomats engaged with East Asian security issues who need insights into China's strategic calculations in contemporary great power competition.

This handbook provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of the politics of the European Union.

It pays particular attention to the profound challenges the EU faces which transform the foundation of its politics, such as internal (Brexit, democratic backsliding, growing nationalism and populism, and new protectionism) and external (the return of great-power competition, the war in Ukraine, reconfigurations of power, and the weakening of multilateral institutions reshaping the EU's security) realities. The handbook examines how conflicts over values, authority, and governance now permeate the European project and how the EU's political order adapts to crisis and contestation. With this, it analyses and systematically summarizes the institutional dynamics between integration and autonomy, patterns of participation, contestation and identity, and the EU's external relations in a fragile world order, revealing core aspects and characteristics of EU politics.

The Routledge Handbook of European Union Politics is a uniquely comprehensive and core reference for all scholars, students, and readers seeking to understand key, overarching trends in contemporary EU politics and the way it has evolved historically.

Chapter 29 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 International license.

This book examines Japan's transformation into a country of immigration, offering a timely perspective on how a society long regarded as homogeneous is adapting to new forms of diversity.

Drawing on 62 in-depth interviews with young people of Chinese, Korean, and Brazilian origin, it explores how the children of immigrants navigate Japan's demanding education system and the broader challenges of social inclusion. Schools emerge as crucial arenas where opportunities for integration intersect with persistent inequalities, shaping young people's life chances and identities. Combining rich personal narratives with established theories of immigrant incorporation, the book bridges empirical and theoretical research, situating Japan within global migration debates. It challenges the notion of Japan as an exceptional case, demonstrating instead how its experience mirrors wider international patterns of demographic change, labour shortages, and cultural negotiation.

Offering fresh insights into immigrant integration in a non-Western context by making Japan's case a vital reference point for understanding how societies worldwide respond to increasing diversity, this book will appeal to scholars, students, and policymakers in sociology, migration studies, education, and Japanese studies.

Evolutionary algorithms that imitate nature to solve technical problems, synthetic DNA that turns plants into living data archives, and the use of autonomous machines inside living bodies are just a few examples suggesting that the boundaries between life and technology have become fundamentally blurred in the early 21st century.

While the technologization of organisms has a longer history, an increasing biologization of technology can be observed today in bioinformatics, molecular biology, and other fields. This development is characterized by the crossing of disciplinary and methodological boundaries. It is becoming increasingly difficult to say where the boundaries between biology and technology, science and economics, and representation and intervention lie. In fact, organisms and technologies can no longer be thought of as ontologically distinctive entities. Rather, it seems that biological and technical systems are becoming increasingly interwoven and exchanging properties in the process. Against this backdrop, nature itself becomes more and more a construction kit and a resource for technological design and economic investment. Proposing the notion of "biohybrid objects" for complex systems consisting of natural and artificial components that not only imitate living beings but also share their basic principles, this edited volume explores the remarkable circulation of morphological knowledge between biology and technology.

Bringing together innovative interdisciplinary contributions, the volume aims to provide insights on the emergence and nature of biohybrid objects from philosophy, epistemology, and science and technology studies.

Passeri unpacks the highly polarized and dysfunctional reaction of the international community vis-a-vis Myanmar's 2021 military coup, as well as the strategy utilized by the ruling junta to counter the diplomatic fallout of the power grab and ensuing civil war.

This book shows that Myanmar's military-installed regime is neither irrational in its foreign policy choices nor marginalized on the global stage due to Western sanctions and isolation. Quite on the contrary, the troubled and conflict-prone Southeast Asian country currently enjoys a growing geopolitical centrality in the region and beyond, rooted in its position as a gateway to the increasingly contested Indo-Pacific, which allowed the junta to establish intimate ties with key countries such as China, Russia, India, and Japan. It challenges a series of cliches and prejudices that characterize the ongoing debate on the international dimension of the Myanmar crisis.

A vital read for academics and scholars interested in Myanmar's relations with the outside world, international relations, and political science.

This book traces current debates on the critical theory of racism in Germany and emphasizes its contribution to the global discourse on racism and anti-racism. It provides a comprehensive examination of the key debates, blind spots, and pitfalls of this theory while exploring the politicization of discussions surrounding the relationship between anti-semitism and racism. The contributions shed light on the current state and weaknesses of anti-racism in Germany, including government measures, while offering alternative understandings of difference and highlighting the importance of solidarity in combating racism.

The concept of 'structural racism' is presented as central to political conflicts, showing how this term is used in anti-racist movements and the barriers to its discussion. This book examines the link between state violence, restrictive migration policies, police practices, and the moral panic surrounding 'clan crime' through the lens of 'carceral racism.' It also analyses the crucial role of language in creating racist distinctions, focusing on how the German language can function as a marker of difference and a 'linguistic hiding place for race.' The discussion extends to the methodological challenges of integrating critical theories of racism with quantitative methods.

This book is an essential read for scholars, students, and activists interested in critical race theory, German studies, migration studies, and global anti-racist movements. It offers valuable insights for anyone seeking to understand how Germany's specific historical and social context shapes contemporary debates on racism within a broader international framework.

The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Ethnic and Racial Studies.

The New Face of Online Extremism offers an overview of cutting-edge empirical research around the intersection of extremism and the internet and addresses the challenges and opportunities faced by researchers working on online extremism. While changing social and technological processes have facilitated novel uses of technology by extremists, the book highlights the capacity of these shifts to be utilized by academics to support innovative research.

This book brings together prominent contemporary contributors who examine several novel and under-researched expressions of online extremism, including crypto-financed, conspiracy, neo-Luddite, COVID-19, and Incel groups. The chapters address the challenges of contemporary online extremism research and provide insights for policymakers and regulators as well as ideas for future research.

The New Face of Online Extremism is an important contribution to evidence-based prevention and intervention programmes, and it is a key resource for students and scholars, as well as professionals working in security and social domains.

This book examines U.S. Government promotion of defense industry offsets, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives.

Defense industry offsets are extra benefits that exporters add to arms deals to meet importer demands beyond basic transactions, often considered essential for exporter success. Nonetheless, the so-called "hands off" presidential policy on offsets is often misunderstood as an ironclad prohibition against government support for American companies. In reality, the U.S. president can authorize exceptions for national security. This book demonstrates why the president sometimes goes "hands on" for offsets as a foreign policy tool, such as when government encouragement clashes with anti-offset stakeholders concerned about job losses, technology transfers, and diminishing political support. Even so, competition with defense exporters from other countries and concerns about weak allies that fall short on burden-sharing responsibilities can override domestic constraints. This book examines the evolution of U.S. offset policy via analysis of case studies covering engagement with, respectively, the United Arab Emirates, Poland, and India. By challenging common misperceptions, this book expands our understanding of American foreign policy and highlights the government's role in using offsets for the benefit of the U.S. national interest, the defense industrial base, and security alliances. Furthermore, this analysis is broadly applicable to wherever importing countries apply their own policies and practices with offsets.

This book will be of much interest to students of defense studies, strategic studies, U.S. politics, and International Relations.

Multipolar Revisionism and Cutting the Cost of American Hegemony offers timely analysis of how shifting global power dynamics are reshaping the international order. Grounded in Structural Realism, Hanna Samir Kassab examines how states pursue survival through power accumulation in an increasingly multipolar world.

Through detailed case studies, including U.S. foreign policy under Presidents Biden and Trump, the rise of revisionist powers like China and Russia, and the emergence of BRICS currency alternatives, this book explores the strategic consequences of American retrenchment. Kassab analyzes alliance reconfigurations, economic challenges to U.S. dominance, and the geopolitical implications of China's Belt and Road Initiative. The book concludes with a forward-looking assessment of how diplomacy, alliance-building, and recognition of spheres of influence may stabilize the global system and preserve American power into the 22nd century.

Essential reading for scholars, graduate students, and policy professionals in Security Studies, International Relations, and Global Affairs, it also offers accessible insights for advanced undergraduates and informed readers seeking to understand the forces driving today's geopolitical transitions.

Why is it that in Russia, crises so often become framed as terrorism-and what does this tell us about power, politics and state control? This book examines how the Kremlin has used the language of terrorism to shape Russia's domestic, regional, and international politics, from the Chechen Wars to Syria and the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

Combining securitisation theory with a three-level analysis, it traces how securitising actors and speech acts reframed terrorism as an existential threat, enabling exceptional measures at home, influence across Russia's near abroad, and claims to counterterrorism leadership internationally. Using securitisation theory, the book follows the rhetoric through laws, presidential addresses, media narratives, and policy outcomes, showing how terrorism securitisation patterns forged in Chechnya travelled into Syria and Ukraine. It offers a clear, system-based analysis of Moscow's securitisation of the terrorism threat, drawing on verified official documents and original Russian sources to explain how security talk becomes state practice.

This book will interest scholars, students, and practitioners of Russian politics, security studies, and international relations, as well as readers in media and communication, area studies, and contemporary history. It is suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate courses on foreign policy, terrorism and counterterrorism, and propaganda, and will be useful to policymakers, analysts, and journalists seeking a rigorous guide to Russia's securitisation of terrorism.

This book uses the Russian invasion of Ukraine as a compelling and dramatic case study to engage with ten key concepts of International Relations (IR).

By focusing on enduring concepts, rather than fleeting events, it provides students and experts alike with a lasting framework for understanding 21st-century international conflicts. Each chapter is written by a leading scholar, providing innovative, critical thinking that sheds light on a specific aspect of the Russo- Ukrainian War. Rigorous analysis, expert insight, discussion of relevant debates, recent literature, and reference works provide readers with an in-depth exploration of key concepts through the lens of interstate war. The book offers readers a comprehensive approach that includes a mastery of the most important concepts in IR; an exploration of the main debates surrounding each of these concepts; and an empirical analysis of the war.

Its accessible style and conceptual, pedagogical, and empirical contributions will make it a valuable resource for students, scholars, and practitioners seeking to deepen their understanding of 21st-century international politics, security studies, foreign policy analysis, and strategic studies.

Expert authors combine approaches from digital geography, with its sensitivity to the socio-technical shaping of socio-spatial relations, and political geography, with its focus on questions of the spatial organisation of the (political) world with research from political sciences, law, computer sciences and economics. With comparative analysis through an international range of case studies, chapters shed light on the concept of digital sovereignty through a multi-stakeholder lens which includes states, private actors and civil society.

Laying the foundations for a political geography of the digital age, this book is an essential reference for researchers and students in political and digital geography, geopolitics, internet studies and digital social science more broadly.

This book explores the increasingly significant role of cities as actors in the European Union's foreign policy, with a particular focus on EU-China relations. Analysing theoretical foundations, empirical data, and a survey of 745 cities, the authors provide unparalleled insights into the practices, challenges, and transformative potential of city diplomacy through its networks, partnerships, and direct engagement with global challenges.

Examining approaches across cities such as Amsterdam, Barcelona, Lodz, Linz, Duisburg, Ostrow Wielkopolski, and Dietzenbach, the methodological approach captures the complexity and variety of urban diplomatic practices to explore the factors influencing city diplomacy and address critical questions central to understanding its role in contemporary international relations. Considering how cities shape and influence EU foreign policy, the authors investigate how the size of a city affects its capacity for international cooperation and how collaboration with academia and business can amplify their diplomatic outreach. Finally, the book explores the role of policy coordination between cities and higher levels of government, highlighting its importance in achieving coherent foreign policy goals and overcoming institutional barriers.

Bridging the gap between academic research and policy practice, this volume offers valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. By highlighting the growing significance of city diplomacy, it provides a timely contribution to the fields of international relations, European studies, and paradiplomacy.

The Role of Memory in War Politics and Post-Conflict Reconciliation: Historical Memory in Crisis explores how memories of war, trauma, and national identity shape politics, diplomacy, and reconciliation across Europe and beyond. Spanning from the Second World War to the current Russia-Ukraine war, the book examines how governments and societies choose to remember - or forget - their past.

How do states use history to justify current policies? Why do certain events become national myths while others are erased? And how can memory be used to promote peace instead of conflict? Through case studies from the UK, Poland, Romania, Georgia, Ukraine, Austria, and the Czech Republic, the book explores how war memorials, education systems, and media shape public opinion and foreign policy. Part 1 looks at past conflicts and their commemoration, while part 2 focuses on the Russia-Ukraine war as a living example of memory in action. Special attention is given to young people's perspectives and the role of cultural memory in their views on war and identity. Bridging history, politics, and culture, the book shows that memory is not static - it is a battleground. Whether manipulated by elites or reclaimed by citizens, how we remember the past deeply affects our present choices and future peace.

This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of political science, history, international relations, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and media studies.

Since the early 2000s, the Canadian government has attempted reconciliation with Indigenous nations through varied efforts: treaty processes, government commissions, rebranding campaigns for settler-owned businesses, workshops for state and local officials, school curriculum changes, and a recently christened national holiday However, as Joseph Weiss argues, these state-driven initiatives reinforce Indigenous subordination to the settler state. This incisive study of the varied responses from both Indigenous Nations and individuals to reconciliation illuminates how it is implicated in ongoing colonial erasure.

Critically engaging with a variety of fields, including Indigenous studies, anthropology, history, political theory, semiotics, and museum studies, Weiss captures the multiple scales at which these contested dynamics unfold and explores their underlying technologies of erasure. Irreconcilable unpacks how reconciliation offers amends for anti-Indigenous violence while disavowing responsibility for that violence, and argues that settler promises of reconciliation cannot be reconciled to the fact of Indigenous sovereignty. Nevertheless, Weiss illustrates how Indigenous Peoples refuse erasure at every turn, instead building alternate futures and lived worlds that are not always already colonially overdetermined.

The Development of the American Presidency provides students with a full examination of the historical development of the American presidency.

Organized by the topics and concepts relevant to political science, this textbook keeps the constitutional origins and political development of the presidency as its central focus. Through comprehensive and in-depth coverage, Richard J. Ellis looks at how the presidency has evolved in relation to the public, to Congress, to the executive branch, and to the law, showing how different aspects of the presidency have followed distinct trajectories of change. Each chapter promotes active learning for students, beginning with an illustrative puzzle that brings to life a central concept. A wealth of photos, figures, and tables allow for the visual presentation of concepts. In this new edition, the author incorporates new research into each chapter, takes the full measure of the Biden presidency, grapples with what the second Trump presidency means for the institution, and highlights how the functioning of the constitutional system of checks and balances depends on assumptions of presidential self-restraint.

Analyzing how history has shaped the modern institution, this book helps undergraduate political science students gain a rich, nuanced understanding of the American presidency.

This is a volume of primary sources that speak to the relationship between photography and science in Victorian culture. As a product of experimentation, as a tool of scientific inquiry, and as a metaphor for conceptualizing the natural world, photography occupies a central position in the culture of the period. Photography was implicated in virtually every key scientific context of this era, and as such was also the subject of particularly lively and vigorous debate. Indeed, the primary source texts that attend to photography, in a wide range of scientific disciplines, constitute a remarkable, if often overwhelming, resource. The volume will guide readers by selecting and situating a group of texts that register the most significant of these debates in engaging ways. It will provide scholars working in a variety of fields-the history of science, literary studies, and art history, to name only a few-with access to overlooked but critical sources that can stimulate their own inquiries. Students will be immersed in the most vivid disputes of scientific culture, and will benefit from the skills developed by analyzing and situating primary sources.

This is the first-ever handbook to cover the vibrant philosophical literature on values and science.

Its 45 chapters-appearing in print here for the first time-were written by a distinguished, international group of contributors and have been organized into six parts that explore the many ways in which ethics, values, and social considerations relate to the practices and content of the sciences:

1. Theoretical Background on Values and Science
2. Managing Values in Science
3. Values, Science, and Democracy
4. Values, Science, Institutions, and Organizations
5. Values in Scientific Activities
6. Values in Specific Sciences

Published at a time of increasing concerns about misinformation, polarization, and lack of reproducibility in science, this volume is essential reading for anyone interested in understanding how science can be made more ethically and socially responsible.

The Routledge Handbook of Values and Science is designed to be an accessible resource not only for philosophers but also for scientists, policy makers, science communicators, and scholars from other science-studies fields.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

Molly Farrell tells the story of colonial America as a testing ground for new ways of conceptualizing numbers, uncovering overlooked forms of numerical thinking to argue that colonialism and the rise of racial capitalism incited a struggle about what exactly a number is and what it can do.

When English settlers began colonizing indigenous lands, they confronted groups of people with very different beliefs about numbers. Meanwhile, Atlantic colonialism required tremendous accounting work, especially to support the trade in enslaved Africans. Numeracy, then, seems to be deeply complicit with the colonial project. Farrell, however, follows the circulation of arithmetic primers, cipher books, and other material traces to show how everyday people repurposed numeracy to serve their own ends-ranging from making a living as a fugitive from enslavement to measuring medicine for at-home abortion.

Drawing on book history and Black feminist science and technology studies, New World Calculation argues that we need to restore the math book into its social space in order to disentangle the relationship between quantification and oppression in America's cultural history.