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The U.S. Congress can be traced to the founding and the debates in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, but to suggest that the Congress in the first decade of the 21st century is the same Congress that was created over 220 years ago would be wildly misleading. The entries in this volume will elaborate on the original compromises and the ensuing evolution of legislative practice and review how Congress has developed through several distinctive eras.

This second edition of Historical Dictionary the U.S. Congress contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 500 cross-referenced entries on the key concepts, terms, labels, and individuals central to identifying and comprehending the key role Congress plays in the history of the U.S. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the U.S. Congress.

Medieval Christian Nubia is often a neglected period of medieval African history. Because meaning is determined largely by context this work traces the Greco-Roman, Meroitic and Jewish precursors. The regional, historical and theological schisms within Christianity are also a highlight. The dynamics of the three Nubian kingdoms of Nobatia, Mukurra, and Alwa are the centerpiece of this book that covers mural arts, architecture, and the names of the leading kings and bishops. Another strength of the book is the analysis of the 700-year baqt peace treaty between Christian Nubia and Islamic Egypt; this is considered to be the longest lasting treaty in diplomatic history. The complex transition from Christianity to Islam in the 14th century is analyzed in great personal, political, and military detail.

Historical Dictionary of Medieval Christian Nubia contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 200 cross-referenced entries on politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture of the medieval Nubians. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Medieval Christian Nubia.

The new edition of the definitive reference work on ethics, featuring hundreds of new and revised entries

Unmatched in scholarship and scope, the International Encyclopedia of Ethics is the most comprehensive and authoritative ethics resource of its kind. Available online or as an eleven-volume print set, the Encyclopedia espouses a broad vision of ethics that creates links to many other disciplines, including medicine, technology studies, computer science, business, religion, and law. Entries range in size from shorter definitions and biographies to extended treatments of major topics, and have been blind-reviewed by both the editorial team and an independent review board to ensure exceptional balance and accuracy throughout.

Building on its established strengths, the second edition of the Encyclopedia covers topics, movements, arguments, and figures in normative ethics, metaethics, and applied ethics, containing over 850 fully-cross-referenced A-Z entries which emphasize the richness and diversity of the field. New to this edition are more than 300 original and updated entries which add coverage of contemporary topics including voting ethics, artificial intelligence, moral uncertainty, police bias, narcissism, structural injustice, bullying, biopolitics, legal moralism, and intellectual virtue. In its state-of-the-art electronic form, each entry is hyperlinked to other entries and to electronic editions of the renowned Blackwell Companions and Guides ? in all, more than 1,500 scholarly articles. The electronic version will continue to receive annual updates, continuing the legacy of the International Encyclopedia of Ethics as the preferred resource for research-active scholars, students, and general readers wanting to engage with ethics in their professional lives.

This work is also available as an online resource at www.internationalencyclopediaofethics.com

The most comprehensive reference work on research designs and methods in criminology and criminal justice

This Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice offers a comprehensive survey of research methodologies and statistical techniques that are popular in criminology and criminal justice systems across the globe. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners in the field, it offers a clear insight into the techniques that are currently in use to answer the pressing questions in criminology and criminal justice.

The Encyclopedia contains essential information from a diverse pool of authors about research designs grounded in both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It includes information on popular datasets and leading resources of government statistics. In addition, the contributors cover a wide range of topics such as: the most current research on the link between guns and crime, rational choice theory, and the use of technology like geospatial mapping as a crime reduction tool. This invaluable reference work:

• Offers a comprehensive survey of international research designs, methods, and statistical techniques
• Includes contributions from leading figures in the field
• Contains data on criminology and criminal justice from Cambridge to Chicago
• Presents information on capital punishment, domestic violence, crime science, and much more
• Helps us to better understand, explain, and prevent crime

Written for undergraduate students, graduate students, and researchers, The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice is the first reference work of its kind to offer a comprehensive review of this important topic.

Starting with what's special about qualitative data, this book covers more than simply data collection. It guides you through skilfully, thoughtfully, and ethically designing a project, managing data, exploring records, creating and justifying sound theories, and reporting results in ways that will be heard.

With a positive and jargon-free style, it discusses how setting up, working with, making sense of and presenting data can be a springboard into learning key research skills and reflecting on methodological issues. With even more material to help researchers navigate the practicalities of working with qualitative data, this edition includes:

• 'To do' lists and annotated further reading suggestions to help establish ethical practice
• Guidance on tackling emerging challenges in handling qualitative data, such as uses of visualisation and online data
• Advice for communicating data to different audiences and writing a convincing research report
• Online resources that illustrate effective qualitative research in action and aid researchers in their own work, including first-hand researcher accounts, qualitative analysis software support, step-by-step guidance on software use and visualising data, and examples of communicating real-world research effectively