文化・社会人類学 — 全 下位分類

This book contributes to understandings of linguistic anthropology within the context of the wider Persianate world, covering Iranian language societies in both their homelands, and in the diaspora. It demarcates language ideologies - feelings, beliefs of language, and linguistic forms in their broad terms; semiotic processes - signs and their indexical meanings; affect - emotions, or what sensory perceptions do in society; language socialization and language development; discourse analyses; and literacy, secrecy and textuality. Bringing together linguists and anthropologists to chart the far-reaching diaspora of the Iranian community under the rubric of poetics and anthropology, it is a relevant collection for scholars in Near Eastern studies, in areas of languages and linguistics, literature, semiotics, cultural studies, social sciences, and diaspora studies.

This book presents a comprehensive scientific reconstruction of human evolution, offering an original and integrative explanation for the emergence of the traits that define our species. It explores the evolutionary roots of a remarkable range of human characteristics-from our hairless skin, nuanced facial expressions, and emotional vocalizations to male and female sexuality, language, creativity, consciousness, social norms, laughter, and sense of humor.

Rather than focusing on details of stone technologies and skull shapes, this theoretical study employs a rigorous evolutionary framework, grounded in explicitly stated principles, a coherent conceptual apparatus of psychological and social concepts, and a systematic methodology for evaluating evidence. Drawing on the extended evolutionary synthesis-including cultural drive, multilevel selection, and niche construction-the author weaves together insights from paleoscience, biology, psychology, and anthropology to trace the key forces and transitions that shaped our species.

The book introduces and synthesizes key concepts such as challenge-response dynamics, concerns-and-structures coevolution, trial-and-fixation mechanisms, self-domestication, operant conditioning, normativity, and internalization. It reconstructs the pivotal evolutionary phases of human development-from the "African springboard" to the transformative Upper Paleolithic revolution-highlighting how daily survival concerns, child-rearing, intergroup competition and alliance formation catalyzed evolutionary change.

Special attention is given to the role of group and sexual selection, the development of symbolic communication and social regulation, and the fixation of traits through genetic mechanisms. The book sheds light on often overlooked evolutionary phenomena, including the emergence of adolescence, life cycle formation, female mobility across groups, the difference between male and female eroticism, and the institutionalization of property and mating norms.

A concluding philosophical chapter portrays human nature as a paradoxical blend of the endless openness and deeply embedded ancestral legacies. The author offers speculative reflections on how the evolutionary past continues to shape contemporary challenges-religiosity, sexuality, ethnic conflict, organized violence, and even our capacity for laughter and humor.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the Poznan School of Archaeology, an original mode of archaeological thought that emerged in Poznan in the 1960s and 1970s. The book examines the significance of this original Polish archaeological thought in its broad academic context and places it in the realm of the social and intellectual framework of Europe. It is directed to the worldwide community of researchers interested in understanding the nature of the studies of the past and places this original and well-developed school of archaeological thought in its broad geographical and chronological perspective.

The Poznan School of Archaeology made explicit efforts to break off ties with the culture-history paradigm and rejected the simplified functional and rigid deductive-nomological explanations. Developed in the context of non-Marxist historical materialism, over decades it transformed itself into a distinct and multifaceted archaeological research school embedded in the tradition of cultural studies, philosophy, history, and the natural sciences. The book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate programmes in archaeology and archaeological theory.

This book provides a general guide to stone-structures of the pre-colonial period called zimbabwes. This is a name which denotes their usage as prestige buildings and that a particular quality of masonry with frequent application of wall decoration patterns was required, which distinguishes them from many other stone structures of coarse workmanship. At least 300 sites are known within the borders of Zimbabwe alone, while a few more are found in Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique. However, recent findings have indicated that stone buildings in southern Angola of similar typology also carry decoration patterns that suggests a much wider distribution in the region than was previously thought.

The word Zimbabwe is of historical origin which has been customized to refer to a specific typology of stone walls and to distinguish them from the rest of low-grade buildings which number several hundred. In the 16^th century, it denoted royal and chiefly settlements built in stone and it was used figuratively to imply the presence there of such important political figures. In this guide, zimbabwe (lower case and in italics) refers to stone walls whereas when in upper case it refers either to Great Zimbabwe or Zimbabwe the modern country.

This work is the first comprehensive volume to act as a guide to the archaeological stone wall structures. Zimbabwe sites are the only immovable cultural remains of substantial physical form that have been inherited from a pre-colonial past. In a post-colonial state, they are extremely valuable as tangible evidence of the historical continuity of indigenous populations with a pre-colonial past. Their history implies an inheritance for present and future generations and entrust ownership to the public. Religious activities connected with the sites imply not just vestigial importance, but embody cosmological values that bind people together. A descriptive inventory such as this guidebook serves two purposes, i.e. a heritage register to support conservation programmes and as a popular study guide to interest both local and international visitors.

As one of the few monographs available on the history of Chinese tomb murals, this book offers a comprehensive study.

Theoretically, the authors put forward rebirth belief and state explicitly that Chinese tomb murals gain their theoretical support from rebirth belief, which belongs to the Confucianism system. In terms of historical resources, they compile the first chronology of Chinese tomb murals including stone and brick reliefs, offer an area index for tomb murals, and conduct in-depth and systematic discussions on Chinese tomb murals. Furthermore, Chinese tomb murals are studied from an aesthetic perspective to highlight the unique value of Chinese tomb art for both Eastern and Western art history.

The rich archaeological materials covered here are carefully scrutinized, the arguments eloquently presented, and the style used makes for accessible and enjoyable reading.

Experts in the field provide ethnographic examples to explore contemporary and pioneering works in cultural and social economic analysis, looking ahead to the future of economic anthropology. Building on the history of the discipline, the Encyclopedia captures the latest concepts and examines how they can be used to develop new ways of thinking about the economy.

Key Features:

• Highlights how conflict in society is related to capitalism, markets, and values
• Showcases new lines of inquiry through innovative studies from diverse scholarly and geographical areas
• Analyzes the relationship between theory and method, shedding light on the function of the economy as part of society and culture
• 57 entries covering varied themes including energy, climate finance, responsible innovation, entrepreneurship, international development, and gender

The Elgar Encyclopedia of Economic Anthropology is a vital reference for scholars and students of anthropology, social sciences, and economic psychology. It is also a beneficial resource for policymakers and practitioners in economics and finance.

Utilizing archaeological, archival, and visual sources, this book reconsiders tobacco and smoking in the 17th-century Puritan colonies through the lens of religious beliefs and medical care.

Indigenous to the Americas and cultivated by Indigenous people for thousands of years, tobacco was introduced to Europeans in the 16th century. For Indigenous peoples in North and South America, tobacco was an important part of ceremonial life and was commonly used in healing. By the early 17th century, tobacco was found all over the globe. To keep pace with the high demand, Native American and African people labored on plantations in the Virginia colony to produce tobacco for the English world, including the Puritan colonies in the Northeast United States.

Readers may be surprised to learn that archaeological records document the popularity of smoking throughout 17th-century North America. In fact, tobacco pipes are ubiquitous in archaeological sites in the Atlantic East. While historical archaeologists have long talked about smoking in the Atlantic world, a discussion of the motivation behind early Colonial smoking is new. The assumption has been that smoking during this period was a leisure activity, but in the 17th-century Puritan world, smoking tobacco was often prescribed to alleviate numerous illnesses, as evidenced in the writings of physicians and ministers as well as pharmacopeia.

In this book, the presence of white clay tobacco pipes found in the archaeological record of Puritan colonies receives further scrutiny. For Puritans, drunkenness, excessive tobacco consumption, and conspicuous displays of prosperity were strictly forbidden. While laws in the Puritan colonies and the laws of Harvard College prohibited smoking as a form of licentious self-indulgence they did permit the medicinal use of smoking tobacco. When viewed through this lens, tobacco pipes can be viewed as an item of bodily care that addresses physical and metaphysical ailments.

The second edition of Being Indigenous presents perspectives from 24 Indigenous scholars who share their knowledge on the interconnected fabric of activism, culture, language, and identity that defines Indigenous existence in the twenty-first century.

The book explores personal narratives, cultural traditions, and resistance strategies of Indigenous peoples from 11 countries. This expanded edition features significant updates including a new introduction, restructured organization prioritizing traditional cultural knowledge, and five entirely new chapters on power dynamics, pedagogical approaches, climate change impacts on Indigenous foodways, gender perspectives, and collaborative research methodologies in the Amazon.

Being Indigenous is essential reading for students and researchers in Indigenous studies, anthropology, sociology, linguistics, and cultural studies seeking authentic perspectives on sovereignty, identity, and cultural resilience from those who have lived these experiences.

What can a neurologist like Oliver Sacks teach us about anthropology? And how has anthropological thinking been quietly operating in his work all along?
An Anthropologist on Sacks reads Sacks as a profoundly anthropological thinker whose neurological case histories function as ethnographic encounters, grounded in attention, participation, narrative breadth, and ethical presence. Drawing on Sacks's published writings, correspondence, and lesser-read reflections, the book traces the implicit methodological and epistemic affinities between his medical practice and the anthropological imagination. It argues that Sacks's humanist science, characterized by an embrace of paradox, constitutes a mode of knowing that resists reduction, honors lived experience, and treats (neuro)diversity not as deficit but as a way of being in the world. Through close readings of his tales, prose, and methodological choices, An Anthropologist on Sacks makes a case for the enduring relevance of Sacks's approach to knowing: one attentive to complexity, ethically engaged with difference, and committed to holding incompatible truths together.
At once a critical intervention and a measured tribute, the book invites readers to reconsider Oliver Sacks as a remarkable writer whose work speaks with particular urgency to anthropology today-and to broader debates about how humane knowledge might still be relevant.

Joss Hands connects the historic understanding of the brain with the history and politics and the democracy to address the current concerns about social media, democratic collapse and technological control.
The Public Brain explores the way in which politics and the public sphere are understood in different societies and eras are explored in light of the dominant understanding of the brain in each era, in particular the use of the brain's capacities and character, to justify the dominant political ideology of the time. Moving from the birth of democracy through to the age of reason and revolution and on to the current social media era of 'nudge' politics and new forms of political extremism - the book traces the triangulation of brain, public and media. This includes and exploration of the role of social media platforms and their contribution to confusion and obfuscation in the current era. It proposes different formulations of the public brain over those eras to conclude by advocating for a democratic public brain.
The book explores what has been largely overlooked in this field, unpicks this history in order to offer valuable insights into the debates over the contemporary condition across a range of issues such as neoliberalism, self-help and wellbeing as forms of ideology and control, the shift to extremist proto-fascist politics and of post-truth. The book unpacks arguments about affect and cognitive overload to make a positive case for the continuing power of reason and its emancipatory potential. In that way the book provides a valuable insight into how we have come to view the brain as we have, how that view is often misused, and offers suggestions of ways to marshal an enriched democratic concept of the public brain for positive social change.

This work highlights local narratives that sustain traditions amidst historical silences, connecting cultural values to heritage tourism and Indigenous stewardship.

The Cultural Heritage Resilience of the Great Dismal Swamp explores the cultural resilience of the Great Dismal Swamp, emphasizing narratives of local residents that sustain traditions amid historical silences. It connects cultural values, heritage tourism, and the legacy of freedom while advocating for landscape stewardship rooted in Indigenous practices. The book highlights how marginalized communities create empowering knowledge spaces to honor their heritage despite lacking external resources. The Great Dismal Swamp Region reflects rich historical and cultural heritage, with settlements like Mattoanoak, Bowers Hill, and Skeetertown, which have maintained ancestral lifeways. Despite historical silences about marginalized groups, community members create resilient cultural narratives that emphasize their connections to land and tradition, beckoning a return to their roots.

For thousands of years, humanity's story was one of diversification. Across centuries and continents our species proliferated new approaches to family and community life; to agriculture, economics, religion, artistic expression and self-understanding. Today, this process is in reverse.

Culturally and ecologically, we are witnessing an almost universal drive towards homogeneity and the loss of diversity. The global forces of capitalism have created a world riddled with overlapping crises, with any alternatives pushed into the margins, narrowing the scope for action just when we need it most. And yet its logic is never totalising: contrary to Margaret Thatcher's famous mantra, there are many alternatives.

The Big Here and the Long Now begins with the story of how our world of efficiency, standardisation and development optimism first came into being; and how promises of progress, growth and prosperity have, in recent years, acquired a nasty aftertaste. The book concludes with hope, and an exploration of creolisation and hybridity. With biocultural diversity already being revived by activists and indigenous communities, from Manhattan to Micronesia, there are plenty of green shoots. Now they must be cultivated and nurtured.

The Routledge Handbook of Heritage Ethics offers a comprehensive and rigorous analysis of the concepts, challenges and dilemmas that characterise and shape contemporary heritage ethics in theory and practice. The essays within this volume examine how ethical approaches to heritage have evolved and explore the ethical issues that have arisen from these changing contexts. Including 34 original, detailed, and impassioned contributions from across five continents, this book affords equal focus to theoretical perspectives and practice, drawing out the importance of ethics through diverse case studies on topics as varied as built heritage, colonialism, material culture, the environment, traditions and lived experience. Throughout this volume, chapters highlight the need for all practitioners and researchers to adopt an ethical approach, alongside the need to understand what this entails and how best to deliver it. Following a foundational introduction that contextualises ethics within broader cultural changes, and a first section outlining key theoretical frameworks, chapters are divided into four thematic sections on difficult heritage, digital heritage, heritage interactions and heritage management and policy.

Together, these chapters comprise an important, timely and wide-ranging volume that provides a fresh analysis of the key concepts that shape and inform heritage ethics. It will engage those whose work and interests intersect with the broad gamut of cultural heritage-whether physical or digital, focused on artefacts or communities, the iconic or the everyday, in the field, museums or historic sites, from the remote past or the contemporary world. This Handbook will be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners from across a broad range of disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, geography, heritage studies, history and philosophy.

What if the root of our ecological crises lies not in what we are doing, but in how we understand ourselves-and our freedom? Can we ever be truly free if others remain oppressed? What is the cost of a freedom built on the exploitation of land, people, and resources? How can we break free from the pressure to constantly do and know, and instead find space for reflection and meaningful change?
Drawing on Indigenous storytelling and the political philosophy of Hannah Arendt, this book invites us to confront these questions. It critiques the fragmented ways of thinking that limit our understanding, blind us to deeper truths, and restrict our capacity to act.

This book provides a synthesis of Late Neolithic / Early Chalcolithic imagery from South-Central Anatolia, encompassing both Central Anatolia and the Lake District. It explores the nature of transformations and continuities in imagery during the period between 6500-5500 BC. The author examines three main categories of artifacts - pottery, figurines and stamp seals - to trace the presence and transformation of particular images in time.

The Neolithic site of Catalhoeyuek (7100- 5950 BC) in Central Anatolia is renowned for its elaborate art found inside the houses. A wide variety of anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and geometric motifs and themes were reproduced on wall paintings, reliefs and mobile objects. The author addresses the question of what happened with the repertoire of motifs in the upper levels of Catalhoeyuek and after its abandonment, and what circumstances might have been related to this transformation. To reassess the imagery, data was collected from Late Neolithic levels at Catalhoeyuek investigated by the Polish team since 2001, as well as from four intensively excavated sites from the Lakes region: Hacilar, Kurucay, Hoeyuecek and Bademagaci. The author applies the semiotic perspective of American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, which they argue is a useful framework for discussing the imagery and its transformation over time. The analytical model used is the so-called replication, which allows grasping the diachronic changes. It has never been applied to studies on Neolithic / Chalcolithic imagery.

This book explores activities in the global landscape of second-hand cultures and economies of reuse, repair, sharing and care. Individual chapters provide ethnographic studies of how ordinary people live, revive, create, and refine practices of reuse, repair, sharing and care as they seek to prolong the lifespan of goods, contribute to planetary health, make a living, and create communities. The authors introduce practices like children's clothes swapping, repair of appliances, or reuse of domestic fabrics, and analyze how people exchange and share goods (farmers' market), buy used items in different venues, reuse or recycle materials (tires), repair items for resale (TVs), or avoid purchasing new goods (free stores). The volume examines activities in different settings across North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, and Asia, and analyzes specific economic, gendered, social and cultural contexts, material conditions, and motivations. The authors theorize global second-hand circuits and economies and the potential of ordinary people and small projects in the making of a more sustainable and equitable world. This book will be of interest to readers in environmental anthropology or sociology, environmental studies, sustainability studies, consumer studies, and material and popular culture studies.

The rationale of this book is to provide carefully selected images from Google Earth, to discuss what they show, and to provide references to the heritage sites portrayed so that readers can go deeper if they wish. Taking examples from all over the world, this book aims to demonstrate their value for understanding heritage landscapes and for appreciating their aesthetics. It is organised around different types of landscape and the processes that created them, rather than regionally or on the basis of age. It includes a large number of archaeological sites that have been designated as UNESC0 World Heritage Sites. Google Earth has proved to be important for demonstrating some of the threats that major sites have been exposed to, including during recent wars in the Middle East. The landscapes discussed are those of Water Management, Agricultural Management, War, Burial, Mines, Quarries and Salterns, Cities and Settlements, Tells, Theatres, Amphitheatres, and Hippodromes, Churches, Temples, Pagodas, and Mosques, and Geoglyphs.

This edited collection is an essential resource for understanding contemporary Indigenous-settler relations across three major settler colonial contexts, bringing together First Nations and settler scholars, practitioners, artists and community organisations from Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, and the USA. The book provides students and researchers with critical frameworks for analysing how colonial power relations shape contemporary injustices while exploring Indigenous-led pathways toward transformation.

Organised into three sections - Words of the Land, Unmaking Extraction, and Restoring Country, Restoring Justice - the collection demonstrates how relationships between people, place, and the more-than-human world are articulated through Indigenous water governance, cultural restoration projects, decolonial museum practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and community-controlled care systems. Chapters engage theoretical rigor with practical case studies, offering concrete examples of how Indigenous knowledge systems provide solutions to environmental and social challenges.

Featuring majority Indigenous authorship and innovative cross-cultural collaborations, this collection models meaningful scholarly engagement while centring Indigenous perspectives. Essential for scholarships in Indigenous studies, environmental justice, colonialism, and social justice, this volume contains critical insights in envisioning more just futures grounded in relationality and care.

This book focuses on the submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic C settlement of Atlit-Yam (dated to the end of the tenth millennium to end of the ninth millennium BP). Located off the Carmel coast of Israel, it is the earliest and best preserved of 23 submerged prehistoric in situ sites known off the Israeli Mediterranean Sea coast. The site is a unique underwater archaeological locality due to the extensive investigations that have been undertaken and which have exposed a large area comprising a range of architectural features, as well as the broad spectrum, richness and excellent preservation of the finds. The site offers insights into the processes of settlement inundation, which is relevant to sea-level rise nowadays, as well as the circumstances of survival and discovery of submerged sites worldwide.

The chapters in this volume, the first of two, presents aspects of the Atlit-Yam site, including the site's archaeological and physical setting and aspects its material culture (architecture, burials, groundstone and lithic artefacts). These data sets are used to reconstruct aspects of the technology and lifestyle of the community that inhabited it and highlights similarities to contemporaneous sites in the hinterland. The second volume, will deal with the economy, diet and health status of the inhabitants, the site's chronology, and reconstructed paleoenvironment including the geological and geomorphological setting of the site assessed in relation to sea-level rise.

This book fills gaps in our knowledge of the coastal Neolithic of the Southern Levant, by providing an in-depth review of the archaeological remains discovered at this unique, submerged site.

This book presents primarily firsthand information from some mysterious and unpublished archaeological sites excavated in the Swat Valley in the 1980s. In addition, new studies of Hindu and Buddhist sculptures, rock art, and ancient routes leading to and through Gandhara, as well as the analyses of epigraphic and numismatic evidence presented here, argue for a reconsideration of the established political, cultural, and religious history of Gandhara. The book also focuses on previously unknown discoveries, reviews selected research works, and critically reexamines some older finds by situating and studying them in their respective archaeological and landscape contexts. The inclusion of archaeological data and their study in a broader geographical and cultural context is also the objective of this book. Furthermore, it studies the reasons for the mixing of cultures and the processes of compromise, particularly between Gandhara, Central Asia and China.

This book examines questions surrounding body adornments and its link to identity in archaeology, looking at theoretical and interpretive frameworks that are relevant to the study of different categories of personal ornaments. Identity is a crucial topic in archaeology where its concept is investigated through the study of many categories of material culture. As self-representation, identity constitutes a choice through which an individual or a group want to be seen by others. The volume covers a wide geographical and chronological frame from the Upper Paleolithic era to Medieval times, examining North, Central, and Southern Europe as well as regions in Southwest Asia and North Africa.

This book is based on a session organised at the European Archaeological Association (EAA) in 2023, with a commonality, namely, body adornments. Participants explored the ways in which possessing, wearing and/or trading personal ornaments was a means through which individual and social identity could be expressed in antiquity. This volume is of relevance to archaeological researchers, practitioners, and students.

This is the first book to address theory and practice in Applied Bioarchaeology-a term used to describe bioarchaeological research which addresses matters of relevance today, and which actively engages people in the research process in ways that are respectful and relevant to the studied population, their communities, and their descendants. This book provides examples of best practice; identifies challenges and opportunities for developing the field of Applied Bioarchaeology; and illustrates the role of bioarchaeology in effecting change through advocacy and activism.

The book is divided into four parts. The first part, 'Using Past Experience to Inform Modern Behaviour and Health', demonstrates how bioarchaeology has the potential to contribute towards better appreciation of the diverse factors that influence behaviour and health, and how this information can shape, inform, and empower future decision-making, from individuals to wider health policies. The second part, 'Developing Community-Led Research', focuses on developing active community engagement in bioarchaeological research, with chapters arguing for community-led research designed to empower a wide range of peoples that have been marginalized (or even ignored) in traditional archaeological practice. The third part, 'Bioarchaeology and the Arts', illustrates how Applied Bioarchaeology is enhanced by cross-disciplinary teamwork, and how the arts can be used to create safe spaces to explore difficult issues, to aid us in critically reflecting on our practices, to interrogate gaps in knowledge, and to develop new ideas and ways of thinking, learning, and creating knowledge. The final part, 'A Way Forward', is a personal reflection written by Lorna Tilley, which argues the case for developing the field of Applied Bioarchaeology and suggests some possible approaches for achieving this goal.