経済学 — 全 下位分類

This conference proceedings examines the integration of sustainability into corporate strategies, exploring green tourism, environmental management, and eco-friendly innovations. Featuring papers presented at the 2025 Global Conference on Business and Economics (GLOBE) held in Sarasota, FL, USA, it includes case studies and research on topics such as sustainable supply chains, renewable energy adoption, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Offering practical frameworks and evidence-based solutions to balance profitability with environmental stewardship, this book is a vital resource for scholars, researchers, academics, practitioners and policy makers interested in fostering sustainable growth in global markets.

At an inflection point when artificial intelligence is becoming media infrastructure, this volume offers a system-level analysis of value chains, organizational architectures, and economic rationales. Drawing on economic theory and industry observation, Zvezdan Vukanovic interrogates platform governance, strategic conduct, technological deployment, and regulatory design to explain how AI is reconfiguring production, distribution, monetization, and audience engagement. Across seven sections, he reconstructs adoption trajectories and specifies consequences for cost structures, capital allocation, revenue logics, and scale economies. He charts advertising's shift from efficiency to algorithmic allocation, automated trading, and programmatic markets within a platform-centric, data-intensive ecosystem. Chapters examine automated journalism, neural dubbing, streaming optimization, OTT personalization, and AI-enabled television, alongside their ethical and regulatory dilemmas. The book argues that AI intensifies recentralization and reintermediation through closed platforms, enabling conglomerates to exploit data and compute advantages, manage antitrust constraints, and govern fragmentation. It closes with one hundred questions for researchers to explore.

Since the 1990s, Evangelicalism has spread rapidly across Brazil, reshaping the country's religious landscape. This transformation has captured media attention across the Americas, yet few works offer a structured and theory-based account of the phenomenon.

The Economic Roots of Evangelicalism in Brazil provides a detailed and empirically grounded analysis of this expansion through the lens of microeconomic theory. Rather than attributing the rise of Evangelicalism only to its appeal among the poor, this book examines the "production technologies" of religion. The authors explore how Evangelical churches opened temples, scaled operations, and reached converts nationwide-within a regulatory environment broadly favorable to religious entrepreneurship.

Drawing on data and analysis surrounding the microeconomics of consumers and firms, the authors demonstrate how Evangelical churches developed a dynamic organizational model that positioned them at the forefront of Brazil's religious market. Bridging economics, sociology, political science, and religion, this book offers a rare interdisciplinary perspective on one of the most consequential social transformations in contemporary Latin America.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of innovative sampling methods. Building on the foundations of general sampling theory, it offers a rigorous yet accessible framework for understanding and implementing modern sampling algorithms.

Sampling has undergone a profound transformation since the early 2000s. This new edition has been substantially expanded and offers a far more comprehensive treatment than the first, providing both broader scope and greater depth in modern sampling methodology. It places particular emphasis on state-of-the-art approaches, including systematic and quasi-systematic designs; maximum entropy sampling designs; balanced sampling and its variants; spatial and spread sampling that ensure geographic dispersion for autocorrelated variables; sample coordination for repeated surveys; and sampling from data streams for real-time signal analysis. Sampling enables big data reduction, illustrating how sampling theory can efficiently handle massive datasets.

Each method is presented in detail with an emphasis on practical implementation. Numerous techniques are illustrated using the R programming language, and fully functional code is provided to facilitate immediate application.

This book is intended for master's and doctoral students, as well as experienced statisticians and researchers who already have a good grasp of sampling theory and wish to enrich their toolbox with theory-based, ready-to-implement techniques.

This volume is a collection of scholarly essays in game theory, economics, and management science published in honor of Guiomar Martin-Herran, whose work has made significant contributions to dynamic optimization and the analysis of strategic interaction in economic and managerial contexts.

Its twelve chapters address a range of topics, including groundwater exploitation, pollution control, nonrenewable resources, dual-channel competition, environmental regulation, differential games, resource extraction, fisheries, common-pool resource management, climate change, and retail services, with a shared emphasis on equilibrium analysis and dynamic decision-making.

The book will be of interest to researchers, advanced graduate students, and specialists in economics, management science, operations research, and applied mathematics concerned with contemporary applications of game-theoretic and optimization methods.

From Alan Turing breaking the Enigma code to ChatGPT reshaping how we work and create, artificial intelligence has always been powered by a single unifying principle: learning from data under uncertainty. This book reveals the mathematical machinery behind modern AI, weaving together Bayesian probability, statistical learning, and deep neural networks into a coherent intellectual framework. Whether you seek to understand why large language models hallucinate, how recommendation systems predict your preferences, or what makes reinforcement learning agents master complex games, this book equips you with both the theoretical foundations and practical intuitions that define the modern AI playbook.

Key Features:

• Builds Bayesian reasoning from first principles through historical examples like submarine search and WWII code-breaking
• Bridges classical statistics and deep learning, connecting linear regression to transformers
• Covers the complete AI stack: probability, decision theory, Gaussian processes, neural networks, CNNs, NLP, and LLMs
• Emphasizes uncertainty quantification-building systems that know what they don't know
• Practical applications across finance, healthcare, operations, and autonomous systems
• Emerging topics: AI agents, RLHF, and retrieval-augmented generation

Written for graduate students, data scientists, and quantitatively-minded practitioners, this book assumes comfort with calculus and basic probability while building sophisticated intuitions progressively. Business analysts will appreciate the decision-theoretic framing; engineers will value the architectural insights; researchers will find rigorous foundations for further study. Whether used as a course textbook, professional reference, or intellectual companion for understanding the AI revolution transforming every industry, this book delivers the rare combination of mathematical depth and accessible exposition that makes complex ideas genuinely understandable.

Emphasising the importance of intra-household investigation, contributors incorporate a range of methodological theories to address fundamental consumer topics. They demonstrate that consumer decisions are essential for correctly deriving economic quantitative evidence for social and policy issues. Illustrating how individual consumption habits can influence patterns on a regional and national level, entries provide an intergenerational overview of both household and population economics.

The Elgar Encyclopedia of Consumption is an essential resource for economists and sociology scholars, particularly those focusing on consumption and economic theory. It will also be of interest to market researchers and managers seeking to better understand the intricacies of consumer behaviour.

Key Features:

• Explores the economic and social impacts of consumer patterns
• Addresses methodological issues for economists attempting to analyse consumer behaviour
• Presents interdisciplinary entries that combine economic insights and their consequences on household social dynamics
• Evaluates topics from retirement to migration to provide an inclusive overview of purchaser behaviour

High-speed rail (HSR) is the object of conflicting assessments. It is simultaneously viewed as modern, backwards, progressive, conservative, green, unsustainable, disruptive and path-dependent.

This volume takes as its starting point the heterogeneous appraisal of contemporary high speed rail development and unpacks it in order to reveal the diversity of processes and relations out of which HSR projects are born. Moving beyond narrow economic investigations, the broad range of national case studies - from France to China and the US to Morocco - situate HSR planning in the wider political-economic context within which it takes place. Each chapter provides an in-depth study of a national HSR project, placed within multiscalar historical-geographic configurations. The comparative view offered by this volume challenges inherited assumptions about the development of contemporary infrastructure and shows that the analysis of HSR can provide broader insights into state-led planning and market-based governance.

The book is important reading for those interested in the political economy and financialisation of infrastructure, sustainable transition, critical geography and ethnography.

Manufacturing Digitalisation in Italy: The Future Behind examines how digitalisation is transforming manufacturing in Italy, with particular attention to the interplay between new technologies and territorially embedded manufacturing systems.

Drawing on extensive empirical research, the book introduces the concept of the regional digitalisation system to explain how policies, firms, and decentralised institutional capacities jointly shape patterns of digital transformation. Challenging linear models of technological adoption, it advances the idea of "the future behind" to show how pre-existing regional socio-institutional configurations both enable and constrain emerging development trajectories. As Europe's second-largest manufacturing economy, yet a relative digital laggard, Italy has recently experienced a significant acceleration in firms' digitalisation, rapidly converging towards the EU average despite structurally adverse conditions. Characterised by regionalised capitalism, small and medium-sized enterprises, territorial inequalities, limited high-technology sectors, and weak, decentralised innovation systems, Italy provides a crucial case for understanding how subnational socio-institutional contexts shape manufacturing transformation and produce distinct regional digitalisation paths.

As the first comprehensive sociological book on manufacturing digitalisation, this book will appeal to scholars, practitioners, and policymakers interested in economic sociology, the sociology of work and industry, comparative political economy, industrial policy, regional studies, innovation studies, and the sociology of technology.

Causal Inference in Marketing: A Practical Toolkit for Panel Data is a two-volume guide to turning messy marketing panels into credible causal evidence. Written for data scientists, marketing analysts, econometricians, and applied researchers, it connects modern causal inference with the operational realities of advertising, pricing, loyalty, platforms, and marketing effectiveness. The set is distinctive in its design-first treatment of panel data: it begins with estimands, assignment mechanisms, support, and diagnostics before moving to estimators. Readers should be comfortable with regression and applied statistics, but the exposition is built to make the assumptions behind causal claims explicit rather than hidden inside software defaults.

Across the two volumes, readers learn how to choose, implement, diagnose, and report causal designs for marketing measurement. Volume 1 develops the foundations, including potential outcomes, design-based thinking for panels, difference-in-differences, event-study designs, synthetic control, hybrid synthetic control methods, interactive fixed effects, matrix completion, dynamic treatment effects, heterogeneity, interference, and spillovers. Volume 2 extends the toolkit to machine learning for nuisance adjustment and treatment-effect heterogeneity, high-dimensional controls, regularisation, continuous and nonlinear panel models, threats to validity, inference and uncertainty quantification, design diagnostics, and applied marketing workflows. The result is a practical framework for evaluating incrementality, media mix models, geo-experiments, platform data, pricing, promotions, customer lifetime value, retention, and reproducibility while keeping the causal target, data limitations, and business decision aligned.

This full-color text offers a comprehensive introduction to population geography, grounding students in the tools and techniques that are used to describe and understand population concepts. Arguing that an understanding of population is essential to prepare for the future, Newbold provides undergraduates with a thorough grasp of the field.

Key Features:
End-of-chapter Focus boxes weave in substantive discussions of interesting current issues, and Methods, Measures, and Tools boxes illustrate how population geography questions are tackled
Learning objectives at the start of each chapter establish key concepts for learning and end of chapter study questions ensure concepts are retained
End of book Glossary of Terms and Population Website Resources offer additional avenues for student learning


New to this Edition:
Impacts of COVID-19 on mortality, fertility, and mobility patterns
Expansion of non-US examples to highlight key concepts
Recent trends and policy updates

This book showcases how marine reserves, when implemented and protected effectively, could simultaneously achieve conservation and reef fishery goals.

Marine reserves, permanent spatial closures to fishing, are often viewed as detrimental to fisheries, reducing the area available for fishing and concentrating effort into smaller areas. But what if these reserves could supplement reef fisheries? Drawing on over forty years of research and teaching experience, the author explores the concept of net export-where reserves produce such abundant fish biomass that they spill over into fished areas, partly compensating for the loss of fishing grounds. The book delves into recent advancements in larval tagging and tracking, showcasing studies from the Great Barrier Reef, Papua New Guinea, and beyond, to demonstrate how recruitment subsidy, net export of fish larvae from reserves to fished areas, combined with reductions in fishery effort outside reserves when reserves are implemented, can lead to sustainable reef fisheries alongside conservation. The book argues that with the right balance between conservation and catch, marine reserves can achieve a "win-win" scenario, ensuring both healthy fish populations and sustainable reef fisheries. This book calls for conservation and fisheries to co-ordinate, not confront, in order to simultaneously achieve their objectives.

Written in clear and accessible language, this book is essential reading for marine conservation and fisheries professionals and policymakers, as well as students and scholars of marine science and conservation.

The Economic Report of the President provides valuable information about the present state of the U.S. economy and its future course. The Economic Report is issued by the Executive Office of the President and the Council of Economic Advisers and transmitted to Congress no later than 10 days after the submission of the Budget of the United States Government. It includes:

?Current and foreseeable trends and annual numerical goals concerning topics such as employment, production, real income and federal budget outlays.
?Employment objectives for significant groups of the labor force.
?Annual numeric goals.
?A program for carrying out program objectives.

For more than 70 years, the Economic Report has provided a nearly contemporaneous record of how administrations have interpreted economic developments, the motivation for policy actions, and the results of those interventions.

Included in the Economic Report of the President is the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers. Each year, the Council of Economic Advisers submits this report on its activities during the previous calendar year in accordance with the requirements of the Congress as set forth in section 10(d) of the Employment Act of 1946 as amended by the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978.

This book comprehensively reviews the impact of climate change on livestock production and the innovative technologies for building resilience. The chapters explore emerging concepts and technologies for sustaining animal productivity under climate stress. The volume also examines climate-driven variations in livestock productivity, including effect of heat stress on cattle, sheep, and goats, as well as adaptations in milk yield, meat quality, and reproductive performance. It also highlights the application of omics tools and sensor-based innovations, such as rumen bolus technology, for monitoring animal health under thermal stress. The book also addresses the multidisciplinary approaches, focussing on climate-resilient technologies, feed additives, shelter designs, and precise extension delivery systems for farmers. The book also explores the rising threat of climate-linked livestock diseases, immune system impairments, and one-health perspectives on disease management. The final section outlines future research priorities, including climate indices for resilience assessment, regional vulnerability atlases, and gender considerations in climate-affected livestock systems.

Key Features:

1) Presents emerging concepts and technologies that sustain livestock productivity under thermal and hydric stress.

2) Reviews climate-driven effects on yield, product composition, fertility, and fitness traits

3) Evaluates climate-smart production interventions, feed-based mitigation strategies, and innovative shelter designs

4) Examines climate-linked disease emergence, immune dysregulation, and One-Health mitigation strategies.

5) Highlights OMICS-enabled selection tools and continuous biosensing for precision heat-stress phenotyping.

This book is useful reference for researchers and students of veterinary and animal sciences.

The global advertising market is roughly US$1.1 trillion, with digital channels accounting for most of that activity. Marketing measurement therefore increasingly depends on complex data environments: high-dimensional covariates, machine-learning systems, continuous treatments, platform reporting constraints, and organisational pressure to turn evidence into decisions. These settings create opportunities for richer causal analysis, but they also raise difficult questions about validity, uncertainty, diagnostics, reproducibility, and whether an estimated effect is useful for the decision at hand.

Volume 2 of Causal Inference in Marketing: A Practical Toolkit for Panel Data carries the framework of Volume 1 into the advanced and operational half of the book. It extends the core panel toolkit into machine learning, high-dimensional adjustment, continuous and nonlinear treatment settings, threats to validity, inference, diagnostics, applied marketing workflows, data and measurement systems, reproducibility, and open problems. The emphasis throughout is on applying causal principles under the constraints of real marketing data and real organisational settings.

Key Features:

• Develops machine-learning and high-dimensional methods for panel data, including orthogonalisation, cross-fitting under panel dependence, heterogeneous treatment effects, policy learning, regularisation, and double selection.
• Provides a diagnostics and inference playbook covering pre-trends, placebos, sensitivity analysis, bootstrap and randomisation inference, multiplicity, weak instruments, and uncertainty communication.
• Connects advanced causal methods to marketing applications, including media mix models, geo-experiments, platform data, pricing, promotions, customer lifetime value, retention, measurement systems, and reproducible evidence production.

Written for data scientists, marketing analysts, econometricians, and applied researchers, this volume is intended for readers who are comfortable with regression and applied statistics and who want to extend causal design into robust implementation, diagnosis, and reporting. Volume 1 develops the foundations, including potential outcomes, design-based thinking, difference-in-differences, event studies, synthetic control, factor and matrix methods, dynamics, heterogeneity, interference, and spillovers.

Charles Shaw is a Data Science Director at WPP Media, where he leads econometric measurement and optimisation for global brands. His work focuses on causal inference, econometric measurement, Bayesian modelling, machine learning, and marketing effectiveness. He develops applied frameworks for privacy-constrained attribution, media incrementality, platform effects, dynamic pricing, and scalable causal workflows in commercial settings.

This book examines the necessary political-economic conditions for successful state-building in Africa, developing a contractualist framework that redefines the role of the state and reconfigures the relationship between individuals and state institutions.

It bridges the divide between contractarian (liberal) theory and practice by offering case-based insights into the challenges of applying liberal principles in diverse cultural settings in the post-colonial world. Cases on Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Somaliland help illustrate why and how states should prioritize economic freedom and liberal governmentality to enact contractualist transitions. It argues that stable, organic states in Africa can only emerge through institutions that facilitate and codify free, voluntary transactions among autonomous individuals.

This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of African Studies, Political Economy, Comparative Politics, and Development Studies.

Chinese Overseas Ports in Africa and the Middle East examines Chinese "involved" seaports overseas, where involvement can take the form of foreign direct investment (FDI), the construction of a terminal or special economic zone (SEZ), and/or terminal operations in countries such as Djibouti, Tanzania, and Oman.

The country-oriented chapters shed light on issues such as the materialization (or not) of Chinese ports; the effects of project realization on, inter alia, port performance, trade, and job creation; and, to a lesser extent, the wider implications of China's presence. The book also addresses why Chinese seaports succeed or fail and why they have the consequences they do.

As an in-depth treatment of China's footprint in African and Middle Eastern seaports that examines China's overseas ports policy and policymaking, this book will be essential reading for students, scholars, and policymakers interested in FDI, geopolitics, infrastructure, maritime issues, and national security.

This book critically interrogates sustainable business and finance practices within the unique African context. With increasing stakeholder pressure for sustainability adoption aligned with Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sustainable finance emerges as the pathway to create resilient African economies. Sustainable practices in Africa are anchored on integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) tenets into business decisions, creating intersectionality between capital flows and sustainable business goals.

This edited collection delves deeply into sustainable business and finance mechanisms, systems, models, and processes, alongside international best practices. It offers comprehensive assessment of how green finance can unlock sustainable business value in Africa amid unprecedented geopolitical risks. Adopting transdisciplinary and multisectoral approaches with comparative case studies, this book provides practical insights into responsible financial investment models, financial sustainability, sustainable artificial intelligence, green leadership, SDGs, environmental stewardship, green business practices, carbon markets, climate change risks, and sustainability-linked loans from an African standpoint. It addresses regulatory and policy inconsistencies while bridging the gap between theory and practice.

Drawing on theoretical frameworks and empirical studies, this collection equips business practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and postgraduate learners with practical tools to navigate sustainable business and finance complexities in African economies, contributing significantly to global business sustainability discourse.

This book explores the complex relationship between climate change and human behaviour, which is often shaped by cognitive biases, established norms, past experiences, and a tendency toward maintaining the status quo-making meaningful change challenging. It brings together a diverse range of contributions that examine international and industry contexts through the lens of behavioural economics, addressing persistent intention-action gap.

The book is divided into three parts. Part I introduces the theoretical foundations and traces the evolution of scientific thought from classical rationality to bounded rationality and ethicality in the context of climate change. It includes a systematic bibliometric mapping of global research trends and examines the crucial role of information flows, media literacy, and disinformation in shaping climate attitudes. Part II focuses on climate change mitigation, presenting empirical studies on energy transitions, fossil fuel "addiction," and circular economy interventions specifically targeting the consumption patterns of adolescents and young adults. Part III addresses spatial and community adaptation, exploring mobility patterns, nature-based solutions in European cities, and the management of private green spaces. It concludes with global perspectives on climate migration narratives and the collective resilience of Small Island Developing States (SIDS).

By offering a comprehensive and interdisciplinary look at human behaviour in the face of climate change, the book integrates advanced methods such as discrete choice experiments, social network analysis, and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) which inspires further research and action in this ever-evolving field. It is essential reading for academics, researchers, students, as well as economists, environmentalists and policymakers concerned with the economic and psychological dimensions of climate-related decision-making.

Set against this backdrop of national extractivist policies, this book explores the sustainable production of cocoa in the Peruvian Amazon to investigate the role of local communities and the impact of sustainability governance.

Sustainable Cocoa in the Peruvian Amazon draws on extensive ethnographic research from the San Martin region to showcase the extent to which sustainable production is influenced by how communities interact with the state and its infrastructural resources. This book highlights how local people dedicated to cocoa come together within a subnational political economy, and adds a more human dimension to institutional analyses that often focus on globally driven value chains with stylized market actors. Anke Kaulard provides a comprehensive examination of the dynamics driving productive transformation in Amazonian territories, uncovering a wider structural shift toward sustainable agriculture and productive transformation within an extractivist context.

Amazonian territories are a key site for contemporary debates, where tensions between conservation, sustainable land use, and extractivism are especially pronounced, and this book offers valuable insights for students, scholars and practitioners interested in food and agriculture, sustainable transformations and Latin American development.

Entries address governance, power and the distribution of profits and risks within GVCs. Exploring how production is organized within global networks, the Encyclopedia reflects upon economic, social and environmental upgrading in an evolving landscape. Renowned academics in the field discuss how digitalization, geopolitical tensions, sustainability pressures and corporate strategies are transforming global production. Interdisciplinary in scope, it combines foundational concepts on governance and development with emerging research on social and environmental sustainability, digitalization and geopolitics.

Key Features:

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• Connects analytical concepts to pressing global challenges including inequality, climate change and global trade tensions
• Brings together insights from eminent and emerging scholars from economic sociology, international business and development studies
• Highlights sectoral depth and empirical richness: it includes examples focused on key industries such as apparel, natural resources, agriculture and services

This Encyclopedia is an essential reference for students and scholars of development studies, geography, international management, business and economics. Policymakers as well as consultants and practitioners working in national and international organizations will benefit from its discussion of applications and cutting-edge debates.

Combining thematic and regional approaches, the book examines the strengths and weaknesses of HSR and presents impact assessments of its benefits and costs. Contributing authors investigate how the characteristics of places, including political systems, the natural environment, population distribution and urbanisation, shape the growth of HSR. They also consider how places can be affected by HSR construction, taking into account geopolitical, environmental and social equity impacts. The book uncovers the reasons behind HSR's spatial distribution and concludes by debating the international issues influencing its expansion.

Scholars and students of transport geography, transport planning, transport economics and spatial planning will find this book an invaluable resource. Policy makers and practitioners within rail- and HSR-oriented organisations will also benefit from the discussions on the social, economic, environmental and political patterns associated with HSR development.

This book addresses the evolution of the construction industry in Malaysia from its independence in 1957 until the present day. It is a fascinating look at Malaysia's story of achievements and setbacks told for the first time from an infrastructure development and construction perspective.

Chapters cover topics such as the government's economic development policies, the transition from foreign to local contractors, employment of migrant construction workers, the adoption of privatisation policies and the reliance on private financing for public infrastructure. Many features of modern construction principles such as privatisations, public-private financing, industrialised building systems, alliancing or partnership approach were rapidly adopted and are discussed in the book. Contemporary issues such as climate change, environmental sustainability, occupational health and safety, quality and technology are also discussed. The second part of the book provides six case studies of pertinent projects over the last sixty years to illustrate the transformation of the Malaysian construction industry and the challenges faced along the way. These include:

* North-South Expressway (1981)

* Penang Bridge (1982)

* Petronas Twin Towers (1993)

* East-Coast Rail Link (2016)

* Merdeka 118 Tower (2024)

This latest addition to the Routledge Research Collections for Construction in Developing Countries series is essential reading for students and scholars of the international construction sector, economic development, infrastructure, and the history of Asian economies.

This edited volume examines the challenges and innovations in collecting, measuring, and analysing data on sexual and gender minorities. As interest in sexual and gender minority research grows across academia and policy, the need for high-quality, inclusive, and comparable data has become increasingly urgent. However, existing data sources remain fragmented and methodologically complex.

The book provides a critical overview of major data sources, including general population surveys and dedicated LGBTIQ+ studies, assessing their strengths and limitations in terms of representativeness, comparability, and data quality. Drawing on the Total Survey Error framework, the book evaluates different approaches to measuring sexual orientation and gender identity. It offers practical guidance on questionnaire design and survey implementation to improve validity and inclusivity of survey measures. It also presents sampling approaches and post-survey adjustments for LGBTIQ+ studies.

Key Features:

• Provides a Total Survey Error framework for survey research focussing on sexual and gender minorities
• Provides an overview of data sources for LGBTIQ+ research, including international surveys and targeted studies
• Offers practical guidance on measuring sexual orientation and gender identity using state-of-the-art frameworks
• Discusses methodological challenges such as non-probability sampling, disclosure, and sampling hard-to-reach populations
• Highlights innovative approaches, including boost samples, online data collection, and census developments
• Includes cross-national perspectives and real-world case studies

The book aims to position survey research focussing on sexual and gender minorities as a rapidly evolving field and provides guidance for researchers, statisticians, data producers, and policy makers working on equality, diversity, and inclusion.

Three decades after the fall of communism, the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have achieved income convergence that would have seemed implausible in 1990. This book argues that the growth model which powered this catch-up, built on integration into foreign-controlled value chains, large capital inflows, technology adoption rather than indigenous creation, and EU transfers, has also created structural dependencies that now constrain further development. Income convergence, in other words, has occurred without comparable convergence in productive capabilities.

Eight thematic chapters examine how this tension plays out across specific domains: macroeconomic convergence and divergence, the evolving role of FDI and productivity, export competitiveness, the deceleration of global trade, energy transition, agricultural modernisation under the CAP, demographic change, and fiscal policy under competing pressures from defence spending, ageing populations, and decarbonisation. The analysis introduces several integrating concepts and draws comparisons with Southern European and East Asian development trajectories.

The book is intended for scholars and advanced students in economics and European studies, policymakers in national governments and EU institutions, and informed readers seeking to understand what lies beneath CEE's convergence headline and what the region must do differently to sustain its progress.