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Americans have participated in the ballot box from the Founding Era to the present day. By combining historical background with current debates, it highlights both progress and persistent barriers to fuller democratic participation. Presented in an accessible dictionary-style format, the book defines and explains key terms, concepts, court cases, and political developments that have shaped U.S. democracy. It covers milestones such as the expansion of suffrage, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and modern challenges like gerrymandering, voter suppression, election denial, and disinformation.

Historical Dictionary of Voting and Elections in the United States contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography, and cross-referenced dictionary entries. With a focus on election mechanics, reforms that have expanded access, and the threats of democratic backsliding, this volume gives readers the language and context to understand how U.S. elections operate and why they matter. It serves as both a reference and a reminder to value and defend the foundations of democratic participation.

Alfred C. Young III's Lee's Army During the Petersburg Campaign is an intensive study of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the Sieges of Petersburg and Richmond from the outset of the campaign in June 1864 to the end of the year. Young bases his work on years of research gleaned from the National Archives and numerous other primary sources and provides periodic strength figures for the combat elements of Lee's army, as well as casualties on the Confederate side during each of the major battles and during siege operations throughout the campaign. His work is not a comprehensive study of the campaign; rather, it is a study of each command or element comprising Lee's army.

Lee's Army During the Petersburg Campaign is a companion to Young's earlier study, Lee's Army During the Overland Campaign. In addition to a narrative that provides background information on the campaign and a selection of twenty-six maps, the book features ninety-nine detailed tables of casualty data and unit strengths. Until now, accurate information on the strength and casualties in Lee's army during the latter half of 1864 has mostly been speculative. Young's work is the first serious attempt to correct this gap in the history.

Charts the founding of the American Empire.

The Fourth Kingdom is the second volume in a series of books, The Personality of American Power, tracing the distinctive continuities in the American way of war and strategy-making. A handful of themes emerge: securing the continuity and legitimacy of the Anglo-American regime; grounding the use of state power in political principles and ideology; calculating security interests in a fully global geopolitical context; seeing the path to great-power status as leading to westward, transatlantic expansion; differing strategic views between the imperial frontier and the metropolis; and an ongoing contest between advocates of a "blue-water," maritime, "off-shore balancing" approach to both colonial and continental affairs and promoters of direct engagement to achieve a favorable great-power balance. Seeing the North American colonies as a developing "Fourth Kingdom" adds a new dimension to the dominant "three-kingdoms" historiography of the tumultuous Stuart and Cromwellian years. Between the founding of the Jamestown colony and the carving-out of "Penn's Woods" seven decades later, English settlers came to control the critical seaports of North America, all but excluding other European powers.

Between 1558 and 1604, more than 400 subjects of Queen Elizabeth I found themselves in contact with the Spanish Inquisition. This book draws on the records of their experiences and testimonies to provide a fresh perspective on a crucial period of religious divergence.
Teresa Tinsley examines the varied experiences of merchants, sailors, diplomats and prisoners of war, highlighting cases of persecution, conversion, ambivalence, and cultural adaptation. Paying close attention to an impressive assemblage of original sources, Tinsley challenges exaggerated claims about the cruelty and scale of the Inquisition's actions against the English, which fed contemporary anti-Spanish propaganda and continue to colour perceptions of early modern globalisation and European colonisation today. She shows that there were witnesses, litigants and collaborators as well as defendants, not all were Protestant, very few were treated harshly and most attempted, with variable success, to bridge the Reformation gap between Elizabeth's Protestant England and Philip II's post-Tridentine Spain.
Their stories provide not only a comprehensive rebuttal of notions derived from the Black Legend, but also privileged access to the historical reality of the lives of individuals at the interface of opposed religious cultures. Cross cultural contact - whether through trade or maritime conflict - brought individuals face to face with differences in religious faith and practice and those interrogated by the Inquisition were required to articulate these. This has resulted in a unique corpus of historical evidence which exposes the multi-dimensional and fluid nature of religious affiliation, nationhood, and personal identity which drove conflict between the two nations.

This volume studies popular assemblies in Greek cities from Homeric to late Hellenistic times. Greek poleis were among the most politically inclusive societies in premodern history, primarily because via their public assemblies, most or all adult male citizens beyond the elite could participate in politics. In those cities the Greeks called democracies, the assembly even functioned as the chief decision-making institution. In this volume, an international team of experts explores assemblies in Greek cities mostly beyond the already well-studied case of Classical Athens, focussing on topics like the origins of assembly politics in Homeric communities, the size of assemblies, assemblies in Classical oligarchic poleis, assemblies in Hellenistic cities (traditionally viewed as no longer fully democratic), and the comparative study of Greek assemblies and participatory institutions in other societies.

A companion volume (Popular Political Participation from the Early Roman Empire to Late Antiquity: The Assemblies of the Greek Cities beyond Athens Volume II) explores assemblies in Greek cities under Rome until the late third century CE. Throughout both volumes, the emphasis is on the notion that assemblies were an essential contributing factor to the surprising institutional success and longevity of the Greek city. Together they suggest that the assembly ought to be a key component of any explanation for the remarkable resilience of the polis as a system of government through more than a millennium of ancient history.

What does tribal sovereignty really mean-and why does it matter today?

Accessibly written for the nonspecialist, acclaimed historian Donald L. Fixico unpacks the complex history and legal foundations of tribal sovereignty in the United States. From traditional Native governance to landmark treaties, federal laws, and court cases, Fixico guides readers through the evolution of tribal self-rule and its modern expressions-from tribal constitutions to license plates and casinos. Designed for students, educators, tribal members, and professionals alike, this book offers a clear, compelling introduction to one of the most important-and often misunderstood-concepts in American Indian affairs.

This book is a go-to source for understanding the federal Indian laws, treaties, and court cases simplified to explain tribal sovereignty.

The Early Years of Old Main, 1885-1915 details the archaeological discoveries revealed during the 2012-14 renovation of Old Main, which, due to its age and historic records, is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Thanks to detailed excavation work by a team of archaeologists, this work documents eight historic features of the building, ranging from equipment pads to drainage systems. Drawing on archaeological monitoring, artifact analysis, archival records, architectural drawings, and historic photographs, the narrative reconstructs how Old Main functioned during the university's first decades and how its physical spaces supported early scientific instruction in mining, metallurgy, and agriculture.

More than a technical report, this volume offers a tangible glimpse into the material foundations of higher education in territorial and early statehood Arizona. Madsen's careful documentation preserves knowledge of features that could not be saved during renovation and places them in the broader context of Old Main's architectural evolution and its central role on campus. The result is an important resource for historians, archaeologists, preservationists, and anyone who values the University of Arizona's heritage-demonstrating that even the most familiar buildings can still hold untold stories beneath their floors and landscapes.

Brings Connecticut suffragist and socialist Emily Pierson out of the shadows, exploring her role in the social and political movements that shook America from the 1910s to the Cold War.

At once the story of a largely forgotten local firebrand of left politics in Connecticut, Yankee Radical chronicles the life and activism of Emily Miller Pierson. Born in Cromwell, Connecticut, Pierson was the scion of a wealthy family that owned an industrial-scale horticultural firm. After graduating from Vassar College in 1907, she immersed herself in the suffrage movement, becoming the primary ground-level organizer and strategist in her state. During the 1930s, she raised her political involvement to a new level, as Connecticut's most prominent supporter of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union, and later China. Her activities as a spokesperson, leader, and "financial angel" of the left over three decades earned her FBI surveillance and a spot on the US government's Security Index for possible detention. Still, she clung fiercely to her radical beliefs up until her death at the age of eighty-nine. Drawing on Pierson's papers and FBI file, Richard Lenzi offers an in-depth look at the political and social setting in which Pierson operated, from the development of industrial unionism in the state to McCarthyism and the Cold War.

This book deconstructs a century of often biased interpretations of the Russian Revolution in France. The French mainstream media routinely met the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution with statements about a totalitarian nightmare, as dangerous as Nazism albeit more lengthy and murderous. Far from this negative bias, the first historians of the Bolshevik Revolution in France, as Victor Serge and Boris Souvarine, were close but unapologetic witnesses of the young Soviet regime. Moreover, the French Communist Party, whose primary goal was to follow the steps of the Bolsheviks, celebrated the "Great Socialist October Revolution" every year and enjoyed the attachment of millions of supporters for decades. As far as 1968, the Sorbonne was adorned with portraits of Lenin and young rebels would discuss Makhno's merits. In order to understand such a dramatic reversal from enthusiasm and public concern to disparagement and obliteration, one has to study how the Russian Revolution had been analysed in the media, discussed in politics, understood and told by the academia and represented in popular culture all through a century in France.

A history of the battles over regulation of hate speech in the United States.

The United States has no hate speech laws; hate speech is generally considered to be free speech under the First Amendment. In this crisp guided history, acclaimed legal historian Samantha Barbas chronicles the country's legal and cultural battles over the regulation of hate speech in the last hundred years. Charting the historical context for current debates, she ultimately argues that, however emotionally appealing they may seem, hate speech laws undermine civil rights and democracy.

The American policy on hate speech evolved from influences such as the civil rights movement, which contended that the most effective way to combat hate speech wasn't through proposed laws. Rather than imposing restrictions, the US has developed an array of mechanisms other than law, including counterspeech and public education, that have been relatively effective at dealing with hate speakers and hate groups. Though not perfect, our method of addressing hate is less dangerous than government censorship and less likely to be weaponized against the powerless.

Interrogating the notion of medical knowledge and public health practices in colonial India, this volume explores the complex encounters between Western medical systems and indigenous healing traditions during British rule. The book examines how colonial medical institutions functioned as instruments of both care and control, while indigenous practices retained their relevance among the masses. Through detailed case studies including W.M. Haffkine's plague vaccine campaigns, the Rockefeller Foundation's public health interventions, and the evolution of medical research under colonial constraints, the book reveals the multifaceted nature of medical encounters at various sites between 1820 and 1920. The analysis extends to examining the Indian Medical Gazette as a mirror reflecting contemporary medical debates, the contours of medical research in a colonial laboratory, and comparative perspectives from other colonies in Southeast Asia and East Africa. The work demonstrates how medical knowledge became a contested terrain where scientific advancement, colonial politics, and indigenous resistance intersected.

This book will be of significant interest to historians of medicine, colonial studies scholars, public health professionals, sociologists, and policy planners seeking to understand the historical foundations of contemporary medical systems in South Asia. It offers valuable insights for postgraduate students and researchers in medical history, colonial history, public health, and South Asian studies.

While convalescence connoted a temporary experience of recuperation after a serious illness, invalidism was pictured as an ongoing-and perhaps endless-experience of ill-health. Invalids, then, were those whose conditions appeared to derive no benefit from scientific medicine's interventions. Yet nineteenth-century invalidism was not so dire a condition as this definition seems to imply. The assumption of chronicity meant that invalids were freed from what sociology has termed "the sick role," the set of obligations assigned to medical patients (the most significant of which, in Western cultures, is to try to get better). This volume explores the paradoxical freedom provided by invalidism in the nineteenth century. Under the surety of this label, middle-class invalids travelled the world, ailing soldiers insisted upon returning home, working-class sufferers abstained from strenuous work, and lay patients developed and advertised their own health regimens. Perhaps most counter-intuitively, invalidism created space for educated women to forsake household duties and take on the roles of professional writers and public intellectuals.
Freed from the scrutiny of the medical gaze, invalids were able to create distinct subcultures and communities. By highlighting not just the afflictions, but also the opportunities, of chronic ill-health in nineteenth-century sources, this volume reveals that the iconic Victorian invalid is not the isolated shut-in we so often imagine, but a dynamic figure immersed in-and contributing to-contemporary debates about health, climate, industrialization, city planning and globalization.

Before Ruth Bader Ginsburg persuaded the Supreme Court to strike down sex discrimination, Dorothy Kenyon built the legal blueprint.

Justice Was Her Calling is the first full-length biography of the New York judge, lawyer, and civil liberties champion whose litigation strategies helped transform the equal protection clause into a powerful tool for women's rights. Across decades, from the Progressive Era through the New Deal and into the rise of second-wave feminism, Dorothy Kenyon stood at the forefront of reform.

A longtime ACLU national board member, the only woman appointed by the League of Nations to study women's legal status worldwide, and a US delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, she pushed equality onto the global stage long before it was widely embraced. Her career was nearly undone when Senator Joseph McCarthy named her the first alleged communist. Though fully cleared, the accusation cast a lasting shadow.

Drawing on letters, speeches, and fresh archival research, Jennifer L. Brinkley restores Kenyon to her rightful status as a legal pioneer and reminds us that civil liberties endure only when defended.

How definitions of childhood in early America codified social hierarchies and remain with us today

As of 2025, in the United States an eleven-year-old child can be charged with a federal crime while in many states it's illegal to leave a twelve-year-old home alone. Twenty-six states allow children younger than sixteen to marry while the legal drinking age remains twenty-one. Are these age-based laws really protecting children, and if not, why do they exist? Holly N.S. White uncovers the answers to these questions through a history of America's first age-based laws.

Analyzing trial records, newspapers, personal letters and diaries, as well as legal statutes from the founding era to the Civil War, White shows how restrictive age-based laws were implemented to benefit those who already held power. Over time, these new laws-coming out of child murder and rape trials as well as guardianship and underage marriage disputes-increasingly circumscribed the rights of young Americans in the early republic. As White shows, race, class, status, and gender influenced who came to benefit from the label of "child" in post-revolutionary America. In so doing, Constructing American Childhood explains why Americans continue to be guided by the age-based legal definitions of childhood and adulthood of our past.

Retelling the story of the largest group murder trial in American history-that of the 110 Black soldiers convicted by court-martial in the aftermath of the so-called Houston Riot of 1917-The Making of the Houston Martyrs uncovers the meaning of justice in a time of war. In centering the ambiguities and contradictions of this case, the book is about larger struggles over police and military authority and jurisdiction as manifested in three relationships between prisons and policing in wartime: the consolidation and normalization of military control over civilians, the scripted use of police-military authority in the quelling of American race riots, and the crosscurrents of military imprisonment as part of the legacy of domestic policing and punishment in the United States. The Making of the Houston Martyrs widens the historical lens of prison and police studies to account for different forms of legal status produced in war and normalized in peace, telling an abolitionist history of state punitive power and its reflections in American political thought.