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Nutrition science, national power, and the politics of feeding the world.

In the twentieth century, nutrition became a matter not only of health, but of national security, economic development, and global governance. In Fortified Bodies, Hannah F. LeBlanc traces how nutrition science moved from laboratories and kitchens into military planning rooms, international agencies, and Cold War development campaigns.

Beginning with the nutrition crisis of World War II, LeBlanc shows how concerns about bodily fitness and food scarcity reshaped understandings of citizenship and national strength. Wartime mobilization cast proper nutrition as essential to defense and linked dietary standards to military preparedness and industrial productivity. In the decades that followed, experts increasingly framed protein intake and dietary adequacy as measures of the "quality" of populations, fusing scientific claims with racialized and developmental hierarchies. The book examines efforts to solve global and domestic hunger through technical interventions, large-scale surveys, and international nutrition programs. These initiatives circulated knowledge across borders while reinforcing new forms of authority grounded in quantification and expertise. LeBlanc interrogates the legacy of this "damage-centered" nutrition research, revealing how efforts to measure deficiency often defined communities through pathology rather than structural inequality.

Drawing on archival research and the records of international nutrition surveys, Fortified Bodies situates modern debates about hunger and food policy within a longer history of scientific ambition, geopolitical competition, and uneven care. The result is a deeply researched account of how bodies became sites of measurement, intervention, and political meaning in the modern world.

A history of the battles over regulation of hate speech in the United States.

The United States has no hate speech laws; hate speech is generally considered to be free speech under the First Amendment. In this crisp guided history, acclaimed legal historian Samantha Barbas chronicles the country's legal and cultural battles over the regulation of hate speech in the last hundred years. Charting the historical context for current debates, she ultimately argues that, however emotionally appealing they may seem, hate speech laws undermine civil rights and democracy.

The American policy on hate speech evolved from influences such as the civil rights movement, which contended that the most effective way to combat hate speech wasn't through proposed laws. Rather than imposing restrictions, the US has developed an array of mechanisms other than law, including counterspeech and public education, that have been relatively effective at dealing with hate speakers and hate groups. Though not perfect, our method of addressing hate is less dangerous than government censorship and less likely to be weaponized against the powerless.

The history of how transactions built Britain's empire of public science.

Hans Sloane is often remembered as the founding collector of the British Museum. In The Transactioneer, Alice Marples offers a different portrait: not a heroic architect of Enlightenment progress, but a skilled manager of transactions-of specimens, correspondence, credit, and trust-whose practices helped redefine how natural knowledge was made public in eighteenth-century Britain.

The book examines how this knowledge was amassed and managed at the turn of the eighteenth century, tracing the daily labor of collecting, storing, cross-referencing, classifying, and circulating information through paper technologies and material exchange. Rather than treating Sloane as exceptional, Marples uses him as a lens through which to reconstruct a broader culture of knowledge-making that moved between private homes, coffeehouses, medical marketplaces, trading networks, and the Royal Society. Sloane's networks extended from Scottish cartographers and Irish landowners to Caribbean plantations and global trading circuits. These exchanges were embedded in systems of empire and slavery, whose violence and exclusions shaped both the materials collected and the authority claimed in their name. Satirized in 1700 as "The Transactioneer" for his reliance on correspondents and appetite for accumulation, Sloane nonetheless helped align natural history with commercial practice and a rhetoric of the "public good" that served to justify institutional power.

By reconstructing the material and moral economies that sustained early modern collecting, Marples reveals how trust, credit, and exchange underpinned the rise of public science-and how the management of knowledge became inseparable from the management of empire.

Retelling the story of the largest group murder trial in American history-that of the 110 Black soldiers convicted by court-martial in the aftermath of the so-called Houston Riot of 1917-The Making of the Houston Martyrs uncovers the meaning of justice in a time of war. In centering the ambiguities and contradictions of this case, the book is about larger struggles over police and military authority and jurisdiction as manifested in three relationships between prisons and policing in wartime: the consolidation and normalization of military control over civilians, the scripted use of police-military authority in the quelling of American race riots, and the crosscurrents of military imprisonment as part of the legacy of domestic policing and punishment in the United States. The Making of the Houston Martyrs widens the historical lens of prison and police studies to account for different forms of legal status produced in war and normalized in peace, telling an abolitionist history of state punitive power and its reflections in American political thought.

While convalescence connoted a temporary experience of recuperation after a serious illness, invalidism was pictured as an ongoing-and perhaps endless-experience of ill-health. Invalids, then, were those whose conditions appeared to derive no benefit from scientific medicine's interventions. Yet nineteenth-century invalidism was not so dire a condition as this definition seems to imply. The assumption of chronicity meant that invalids were freed from what sociology has termed "the sick role," the set of obligations assigned to medical patients (the most significant of which, in Western cultures, is to try to get better). This volume explores the paradoxical freedom provided by invalidism in the nineteenth century. Under the surety of this label, middle-class invalids travelled the world, ailing soldiers insisted upon returning home, working-class sufferers abstained from strenuous work, and lay patients developed and advertised their own health regimens. Perhaps most counter-intuitively, invalidism created space for educated women to forsake household duties and take on the roles of professional writers and public intellectuals.
Freed from the scrutiny of the medical gaze, invalids were able to create distinct subcultures and communities. By highlighting not just the afflictions, but also the opportunities, of chronic ill-health in nineteenth-century sources, this volume reveals that the iconic Victorian invalid is not the isolated shut-in we so often imagine, but a dynamic figure immersed in-and contributing to-contemporary debates about health, climate, industrialization, city planning and globalization.

Before Ruth Bader Ginsburg persuaded the Supreme Court to strike down sex discrimination, Dorothy Kenyon built the legal blueprint.

Justice Was Her Calling is the first full-length biography of the New York judge, lawyer, and civil liberties champion whose litigation strategies helped transform the equal protection clause into a powerful tool for women's rights. Across decades, from the Progressive Era through the New Deal and into the rise of second-wave feminism, Dorothy Kenyon stood at the forefront of reform.

A longtime ACLU national board member, the only woman appointed by the League of Nations to study women's legal status worldwide, and a US delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, she pushed equality onto the global stage long before it was widely embraced. Her career was nearly undone when Senator Joseph McCarthy named her the first alleged communist. Though fully cleared, the accusation cast a lasting shadow.

Drawing on letters, speeches, and fresh archival research, Jennifer L. Brinkley restores Kenyon to her rightful status as a legal pioneer and reminds us that civil liberties endure only when defended.

Combining global history methods with insights from migration studies, this book discusses refugee integration and challenges the view of medical migration as a "brain drain" of foreign-trained professionals that benefits only the receiving society.

This volume explores the reception of Polish refugee doctors and medical students within the broader context of increasingly restrictive immigration policies in Britain. While many British physicians in the 1930s and 1940s opposed the recognition of foreign medical qualifications, the admission of persecuted physicians from the mainland was advocated on humanitarian grounds by many prominent academics and clinicians who also saw in the arrival of scientifically trained Europeans an opportunity to modernise British medicine. This book examines the changing attitudes towards Polish medical refugees in Britain and adopts Paul Weindling's "total population approach", which takes into account not only well-integrated high achievers but also those who, for various reasons, were not able to resume successful professional careers in different countries of post-war settlement.

Polish Refugee Doctors in Britain will be invaluable to researchers and post-graduate students interested in the history of medicine, migration studies and World War II. It will also be of interest to medical practitioners and Polish communities in Britain and North America, particularly members of the Polish Medical Association in Great Britain.

This volume explores ancient Egyptian writing systems - one of the richest and most enduring image-writing systems in history - from the perspective of its visual aesthetics, rather than from a linguistic or philological perspective.

Marking two hundred years since the decipherment of hieroglyphics, it stands as a unique work celebrating this milestone through a renewed focus on the visual dimensions of ancient Egyptian writing. Traditional scholarly approaches in Egyptology often prioritise the linguistic and philological analysis of ancient Egyptian writings over their visual aspects. This volume ushers in a new wave of scholarship focused on rediscovering the visual aesthetics of ancient Egyptian writing, with examples drawn from across the ancient history of Egypt highlighting the visual, artistic, and stylistic elements employed in the creation and presentation of hieroglyphs and their cursive forms such as the hieratic script. These visual aspects encompass diverse essential elements contributing to the overall beauty, harmony, and expressive qualities of written texts in ancient Egypt.

Visual Aesthetics of Ancient Egyptian Writing is suitable for students and scholars of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Egyptian art and visual culture, and ancient writing systems more broadly. It is also of interest to those working on comparative aesthetics, and comparative poetics, as well as to those working in comparative philosophy, and textual hermeneutics.

Chronicles the pioneering reformer whose 1920s study of female sexuality ignited America's first sexual revolution

Decades before Alfred Kinsey released his famous "Reports" on human sexuality, Katharine Bement Davis conducted a pioneering study of female sexuality. Published in 1929, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women was notable not only as the first major study of women's sexuality and the first such study conducted by a woman, but also as the first published study of "normal" women's sexuality - what Davis defined as the study of women who were "not pathological mentally or physically."

In Matters of Sex, Anya Jabour offers an in-depth exploration of Katharine Bement Davis's life and work, revealing her pioneering efforts to promote scientifically accurate information about sex. Even before publishing her study, Davis was a true trailblazer. One of the first women to earn a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, Davis worked as a schoolteacher and a social worker before serving as the first superintendent of Bedford Female Reformatory and New York City's first female Commissioner of Correction. The book traces her journey as an advocate for female sexuality, exploring her work with birth control and free speech advocates to promote both sex research and sex education.

Jabour showcases how Davis's candid discussion of women's sexual behavior - from contraception to masturbation to lesbianism - challenged prevailing ideas about "pure" and "passionless" women and drove the nation's first sexual revolution. Drawing from organizational records, Davis's own unpublished memoirs, and family-held materials never before consulted by scholars, Matters of Sex offers a comprehensive and engaging biography of a remarkable woman whose legacy still resonates today.

Scandinavia in the Early Modern World introduces the early modern history of the region, covering the period from the early sixteenth century to the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The volume places developments in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands in relation to wider European and global historical contexts.

Rather than focusing exclusively on political elites and national narratives, the contributions examine political, social, economic, and cultural change across different regions and social groups. The book highlights both similarities and differences within Scandinavia, as well as tensions and conflicts that shaped the region over time. It includes discussions of Sapmi and of Scandinavian colonial involvement overseas, including activities in Greenland, West Africa, the Americas, and India, and situates these within broader patterns of trade and empire in the early modern world. By adopting a broad regional perspective, the volume illustrates how early modern state formation and social change took different forms across Scandinavia.

This book is a valuable resource for students, scholars, and general readers interested in early modern Nordic history, political and socioeconomic history, imperial history, global history, and the history of trade.

Resistance in New England Slavery: Venture's America offers a comprehensive exploration of the diverse methods of resistance employed by enslaved people in New England between 1650 and 1800.

Drawing on an extensive range of archival sources including newspapers, petitions, court records, and enslaved people's narratives, this book explores how enslaved individuals challenged their bondage, and how enslavers and colonial authorities responded, across the colonial and Revolutionary eras. Organized thematically, the book examines key forms of resistance, including violence, running away, freedom suits, manumission, and petitions for abolition. It uniquely examines Native American and African American slavery side by side, demonstrating how Indigenous resistance shaped African American resistance strategies well into the eighteenth century, and further, how resistance shaped the abolition movement.

Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students of slavery, early American history, and the Atlantic world, the volume provides a valuable resource for teaching and research on resistance and abolition.

Aspects of Judean Life focuses on Elephantine during the fifth century BCE, developing a comprehensive model of Achaemenid Persian imperial governance in Egypt and situating the Judean colony within that framework. It reconsiders the colony at Elephantine not as a band of foreign mercenaries living private lives but as colonial state dependents embedded within Achaemenid systems of land-for-service taxation and imperial administration. Far from isolated, the Judeans emerge as active participants in-and beneficiaries of-the structures of empire.

Part 1 offers a cultural history of Imperial Aramaic scribal practice in the Persian period, drawing on Egyptian and Babylonian evidence alongside Phoenician scribal culture. Part 2 reinterprets the Elephantine Papyri through close philological and historical analysis, resolving long-standing problems concerning ethnic designation, administrative purpose, and community sociology. Part 3 reconstructs the professional networks of Judean temple administrators through analysis of Aramaic ostraca and examines the community's role in systems of production, rationing, and taxation.

By placing Elephantine in dialogue with evidence from the Nile Delta, Babylonia, and other imperial settlements, this study offers a nuanced account of how Persian policies were locally implemented. It will be an indispensable resource for scholars of the ancient Near East, biblical studies, and imperial history.

A History of the Roman People offers students a comprehensive, up-to-date, readable introduction to the whole span of Roman history.

Enhanced with additional illustrations, this fully updated volume takes readers through the mists of Roman prehistory and a survey of the peoples of pre-Roman Italy to a balanced, thoughtful account of the complexities of the Roman Republic, its evolution into a full-fledged empire, and its ultimate decline in the West and continuation in the Roman East. This new edition has been expanded to include more content on women and questions of gender identity; more on freedmen and the enslaved; recent archaeological and epigraphic discoveries; and updated suggestions for further reading.

A History of the Roman People is an excellent introduction for those with no background in Roman history. Its clear, accessible language makes it ideal for undergraduate readers in courses on Roman history and Roman culture. More experienced students wanting to expand their knowledge will also find it a rich resource for the full sweep of Roman antiquity

A history of two centuries of Black journalism, resistance, and community.

For two hundred years, the Black Press has served as one of Black America's most durable and influential institutions. A Full Measure of Freedom marks this bicentennial with a sweeping account of Black journalism's past, present, and future. In this edited volume, Kim Gallon and E. James West bring together essays by scholars working across history, journalism and mass communication, political science, literary studies, and the history of science. This collection provides exciting new perspectives on the history of Black journalism and direction for the development of Black Press Studies as a field.

The book traces the Black Press from its origins in the 1820s through the nineteenth century, the early twentieth century, the postwar period, and the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Contributors examine how Black newspapers documented everyday life, challenged racial violence, shaped public opinion, and connected local communities to national and diasporic movements. The volume also considers the Black Press's changing forms and futures in an era of digital media, declining local journalism, and renewed struggles over democracy and representation.

A Full Measure of Freedom offers both a landmark historical synthesis and a field-defining intervention to scholars and students of Black history, journalism, and media studies, as well as readers interested in the institutions that have sustained Black public life across generations.

Few myths are as famous as Arthur's, and few empires rival the reach of the British Empire. Yet the two share a history: from the Wars of the Roses to the consolidation of James I's rule, the idea of a British Empire developed in conversation with the Arthurian myth. The vision of a British imperial future was once inseparable from Arthur-until it was not.

Britain under the Shadow of Arthur argues that the Arthurian myth functioned as a form of political theory for both the imagined unification of Britain and the expansion of its empire. Rather than merely tracing references to Arthur, this book shows how the myth structured ideas about what Britain was, how it should be governed, and its imperial potential. Across a century and a half, writers, courtiers, and political thinkers mobilized the Arthurian tradition to articulate competing visions of British unity and imperial destiny. Yet as the empire acquired institutional reality-through colonies and legal structures, whose origins were traced to Arthurian precedents-the myth itself lost conceptual force. The British Empire came to be imagined as the future of the English Crown, while Arthur was increasingly relegated to an immemorial past.

Scholars across disciplines will find this volume valuable. Literary scholars will encounter the first comprehensive structuralist analysis of the Arthurian myth. Intellectual historians will find the most extensive study of Arthur in British political thought. Imperial historians must confront that the earliest imperial legal framework drew on the Arthurian myth.

In the early modern period, the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg witnessed one of the largest and most sustained persecutions of witches in history. Between 1584 and 1631, more than 1,100 people were investigated for witchcraft, and as many as 900 died. This book examines how such an extraordinary wave of persecution emerged and why it reached such devastating intensity.

William Bradford Smith traces the origins and escalation of the Bamberg witch trials. He situates the persecutions within a landscape of long-standing popular beliefs about witchcraft and magic and the growing body of legal doctrine addressing superstition that culminated in the Bamberg Criminal Code. The study follows how local panics, religious tensions associated with the Counter-Reformation, economic crises, and the centralization of justice converged to produce organized persecution. Using trial records, sermons, mandates, newssheets, and other contemporary sources, Smith shows how propaganda, preaching, the press, rumor, and gossip built support for persecution in Bamberg while bringing to light the struggles of those caught up in the trials.

Based on a wealth of archival evidence, much of it previously unpublished, the book illuminates the social, political, and emotional dynamics that sustained one of Europe's most notorious witch hunts. It will be of particular interest to students and scholars of witchcraft persecution and early modern European history.

A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more.

The Scourge of Jewish Nationalism is the first book-length study of the theopolitical writings of Rabbi Yoel Teitelbaum of Satmar (1887-1979). A towering figure in twentieth-century Judaism, Teitelbaum was the founder and spiritual leader of the ultra-Orthodox Satmar Hasidic sect, today the largest Hasidic sect in the world. He emerged in the post-Holocaust years as one of the most provocative thinkers in traditional Judaism. The book situates Teitelbaum's dense rabbinic writing in the larger context of contemporary political thought and theology on questions of nationalism, messianism, and Jewish covenantal theology. Introducing readers to Teitelbaum's anti-Zionist writings, Shaul Magid argues that Teitelbaum's anti-Zionist ideas were among the most significant Jewish theological interventions of the twentieth century. Putting his work into dialogue with important philosophers, theologians, and theorists inside and outside of Judaism, The Scourge of Jewish Nationalism closely examines Teitelbaum's work as an illustration of how the Jewish tradition challenges, and is challenged by, the modern nationalist project and its Jewish articulation in Zionism.

This book presents case studies that analyse the diplomatic uses and functions of robes, furniture, weapons, tools, jewelry, paintings, sculptures, books, food, and other material objects in early modern inter-cultural diplomatic encounters in Europe, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific world.

Readers will gain insights into the material dimensions of early modern diplomacy and the cultural logics and diplomatic rationales of object use in a wide range of regional, political, and imperial contexts spanning the Habsburg Empire, France, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, British and French colonial North America, colonial Mexico, Hawaii, and the South Seas. Transcending the established topic of gift exchanges, the volume aims at an analysis of the overall material settings of early modern diplomatic encounters. With its clear temporal focus on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the source-driven case studies on concrete objects and object groups open multiple paths into the complexities of the early modern era as a formative phase in the history of diplomacy.

The book is intended for historians of the early modern period, particularly diplomatic history, political history, art history, cultural history, religious history, and regional history. It is also relevant for scholars in the field of material culture studies, ethnography, and museology.

The book of Revelation has long fascinated readers with its strange symbols, dramatic visions, and apocalyptic warnings. Yet debates about whether it is fundamentally a Christian or Jewish text obscure the political world that gave rise to it. An Exotic Apocalypse offers a new way of understanding Revelation by situating it within the vibrant and experimental religious culture of Roman Asia Minor.

Daniel Charles Smith argues that the question of Christian versus Jewish origins rests on distinctions that did not exist in the first century. Instead, he shows how the Apocalypse emerged within a broader fascination with "exotic" religious practices in the Roman world-especially those associated with Judea. John of Patmos drew on the allure, mystery, and political charge surrounding Judea to craft a compellingly "exotic" religious vision, one whose power depended on imperial structures that defined which customs seemed foreign, dangerous, or appealing. Blending insights from archaeology, imperial history, and the study of ancient religion, Smith reveals how Revelation's vivid imagery and apocalyptic language arose from a cultural crossroads shaped by empire, identity, and imagination.

An Exotic Apocalypse offers a fresh perspective on one of antiquity's most enigmatic texts and illuminates how communities in the Roman world made meaning from foreign traditions. It will appeal to scholars and students of biblical studies, ancient Judaism and Christianity, and Roman religion, as well as readers interested in how communities made meaning from tradition, identity, and empire.

In 1964, East Germany introduced an alternative, unarmed military service that recognized religious belief as a basis for conscientious objection. In a new category of military unit, pacifists performed construction tasks. While accepting a compromise to wear a military uniform, many construction soldiers (Bausoldaten) refused to conform to the military's expectations. Some refused to take the service vow and to work on projects with a direct military orientation. They established the principle that there was more to Bausoldat service than simply getting through the eighteen months of wearing a uniform. As civilians, they continued their advocacy by forming networks and local peace groups that became the foundation of a broader social movement committed to peace. Drawing on oral history interviews, Party-State files, military and secret police documents, and church records, Constructing Peace focuses on the development of this activism amongst the first two cohorts of Bausoldaten in the mid-1960s.

The first biography of a neglected but crucial revolutionary figure and fascinating window into his world

Study the American Revolution and you might miss the name Robert Carter Nicholas; study Robert Carter Nicholas and you will see the entire revolution. This is the first biography of the Virginia patriot who served in the House of Burgesses and has gone down in history as an opponent of Patrick Henry-though the reality is more complicated.

In reconstructing Nicholas's life, Brent Tarter recovers late colonial Virginian society in all of its complexity, showing how men and women of the upper classes lived; how they depended on slavery for their wealth and social status; how they were surrounded by enslaved people almost all of the time; how they brought up and educated their children; how the complex international tobacco economy operated; and how the institutions of government functioned.

The life of Robert Carter Nicholas illustrates like few others how a decade of profoundly important challenges and changes culminated in the decision of elite leaders-who at first glance appear to have had nothing to gain and much to lose by risking a revolution-to vote for independence from Great Britain in 1776.

Women, Violence and Twentieth Century Warfare explores the unspoken and hidden impact of war and violent conflict on women, focusing on the case study of Ireland within a broader framework of ethical remembrance.

The violence experienced in the decades after the Irish revolution (1919-23), up to the period encompassing the later "Troubles" in Northern Ireland (1968-98) left enduring social and psychological impacts on society, both in and outside of Ireland. Linda Connolly clearly and systematically synthesises these experiences into a narrative picture which incorporates in-depth research conducted across multiple sources and documents. The book explores the wider relationship between war, gender and violence in twentieth century conflicts, using examples such as forced hair taking, sexual violence, psychological trauma, and migration. Coming up to the end of the twentieth century, the volume sheds light not only on what happened to women during revolution, but also long after, as well as addressing questions around why women experienced violence in the way they did.

Bringing together ideas from feminist theories of war, women's history, and trauma-informed research, this book will be of interest to students and a scholars of Gender Studies and Irish Studies internationally.

The emergence of complex writing systems in Mesopotamia and Egypt enabled the creation of vast textual traditions spanning administration, medicine, law, religion, literature, and political life. The preservation and transmission of these materials required highly trained specialists working within courts, temples, and other institutions. In the activities of these specialists-collecting, copying, interpreting, and curating texts-we can observe the earliest foundations of philology, the disciplined engagement with written knowledge that underlies all scholarly traditions.

Drawing on a wide range of primary sources from around 3000 BCE to the first centuries CE, this book offers the first comparative history of philology in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It takes a holistic approach to their written legacies, examining methods, practices, scholarly roles, and institutional settings alongside the material forms of texts themselves. By analyzing written evidence together with objects and material culture, it reconstructs a dynamic repertoire of techniques for composing, studying, interpreting, and transmitting knowledge-procedures that became fundamental principles of philology thereafter.

The Dawn of Philology-originally published in German in 2018 and updated and presented here in English translation-is an important and accessible contribution to the literature on the origins of writing and scholarship. It will be essential for specialists in Assyriology and Egyptology, as well as for readers interested in the history of knowledge and scholarly disciplines.