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How Spanish and Portuguese colonialism shaped our conception of whiteness

A landmark treatment of a pivotal historical question, Reckoning with Race in New Worlds reveals how the empires of Spain and Portugal debated and came to determine who was white and who was not during their colonial era. How did free people with partial Native American, Asian, or African lineage either become or cease to be blancos or brancos-white people? Ruth Hill explains how, in unexpected ways, science and religion joined forces in the early modern era to shape the concepts of purity, mixture, and degeneration that would decide these questions. Fixing the thresholds of whiteness-degrees of blood, generations spent in a foreign environment-instigated centuries-long controversies with enormous consequences. By putting into dialogue archival sources as well as extensive engagement with secondary literature, paintings, and maps, Reckoning with Race in New Worlds crafts a history of human diversity in the colonial era, with profound implications for our understandings of the natural and social sciences and of our racial present.

An authoritative study of the free people of color in the largest state of the Old South

Virginia was the state with the most enslaved people prior to the Civil War. It was also at one time the state with the most resident free people of color-free from the legal disabilities specifically associated with enslavement but still denied many basic civil rights. Written by an award-winning expert on free people of color in the American South, Freedom in the Age of Slavery is the first modern comprehensive history of free Virginians of color from the colonial period through Reconstruction.

Milteer recounts in granular detail the discriminatory policies and resulting hardships that free Virginians of color faced, while also documenting the openings they created for themselves and the successes they enjoyed against overwhelming odds. Throughout, he highlights the commonwealth's significance as the laboratory for legal discrimination throughout the nation, while never losing sight of the ways free people of color seized their opportunities wherever possible and built meaningful lives in the face of massive white resistance.

A history of two centuries of Black journalism, resistance, and community.

For two hundred years, the Black Press has served as one of Black America's most durable and influential institutions. A Full Measure of Freedom marks this bicentennial with a sweeping account of Black journalism's past, present, and future. In this edited volume, Kim Gallon and E. James West bring together essays by scholars working across history, journalism and mass communication, political science, literary studies, and the history of science. This collection provides exciting new perspectives on the history of Black journalism and direction for the development of Black Press Studies as a field.

The book traces the Black Press from its origins in the 1820s through the nineteenth century, the early twentieth century, the postwar period, and the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Contributors examine how Black newspapers documented everyday life, challenged racial violence, shaped public opinion, and connected local communities to national and diasporic movements. The volume also considers the Black Press's changing forms and futures in an era of digital media, declining local journalism, and renewed struggles over democracy and representation.

A Full Measure of Freedom offers both a landmark historical synthesis and a field-defining intervention to scholars and students of Black history, journalism, and media studies, as well as readers interested in the institutions that have sustained Black public life across generations.

The first comprehensive English-language reference devoted to Mount Athos (also known as the Holy Mountain), The Routledge Handbook of Mount Athos examines the principal centre of monasticism in the Byzantine world and its enduring influence on pan-Orthodox spirituality. Since the tenth century, Athos has served as an international spiritual hub whose monasteries evolved into centres of scholarship, treasure houses of art, and major landowners rivalling the Byzantine state itself.

Written by an international team of experts, the book explores all aspects of Mount Athos, including its history, spirituality, culture, and society. Chapters examine the monastic way of life, architectural styles, iconography and chant, pilgrimage traditions, and conservation efforts. The volume traces how Athonite traditions spread throughout the Orthodox world before the end of the Byzantine period and analyses the remarkable renewal of Athonite monasticism in recent decades, which has stimulated fresh research across multiple disciplines.

?his book will be an essential reference resource for Byzantinists, students of monasticism, students of Orthodoxy, and Orthodox faithful. It will also be of interest to pilgrims, friends of Mount Athos, and indeed monastics themselves.

No Saints tells a story of the Catholic Reformation from an unexpected vantage point. Instead of saints, it follows frauds, abusers, and opportunists whose lives-preserved in trial records and Inquisition casefiles-offer a different view of religious reform in the late sixteenth century.

Set in Lisbon, one of the largest and most dynamic cities of early modern Europe, the book reconstructs the early phases of Catholic Reform through a series of striking cases drawn from archival documents. These sources preserve the memory of individuals largely forgotten by history: a Dominican nun who faked stigmata, a phony friar who convinced churchmen in Italy to supply him with relics, a widow who tricked Fray Luis de Granada into believing she was the recipient of miracles, and a disgraced Jesuit who abused children while running a home for orphan boys, among others. Taken together, these snapshots reveal how fraud and opportunism intersected with major themes of Catholic Reform, including the emergence of schools, the cult of relics, women's piety, and the proliferation of healing shrines.

By shifting attention away from exemplary models of sanctity, No Saints shows how the actions of marginal figures forced religious institutions to respond and, in doing so, helped shape the emerging structures of early modern Catholicism. Told through vivid archival episodes, this lively and engaging narrative will interest scholars and students of early modern Europe, Catholic history, and Iberian studies, as well as general readers curious about the lived realities of religious reform.

Frontiers are dynamic geographical spaces where state-building and geopolitical control continuously shape complex social imaginations. The British Empire's construction of frontiers in South Asia represents one of history's most consequential exercises in territorial control and cultural transformation. The eastern Himalayas, a natural frontier separating China from South Asia, became a site of contested ambitions enacted, imposed and resisted both within and beyond imperialist control. This geographical region remains a critical focus for understanding the interplay of imperial forces and frontier dynamics.

Set in British India's Northeastern Frontier Region, this book examines urban emergence from colonial annexation in 1826 through independence in 1947. Drawing on archival sources and colonial cartography, it traces how key towns materialised along India's northeastern frontier as instruments of imperial control. The study reveals how British perceptions of the Brahmaputra valley as a navigable corridor through the formidable Eastern Himalayas drove strategic urbanisation. Through an in-depth analysis of Dibrugarh, the book illuminates frontier urbanism shaped by resource extraction, military conflict and racialised spatial segregation-introducing the concept of "frontier urbanism" to explain how peripheral towns functioned within imperial networks.

Part of the Empire and Frontiers series, this book is essential for scholars and students of history, anthropology, borderland studies, cultural studies, imperial history and the humanities. It offers critical perspectives on how colonial spatial practices continue to influence contemporary geopolitics in Asia's borderlands, making it valuable for researchers examining empire, territoriality and the enduring legacies of colonial urbanism.

In the early modern period, the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg witnessed one of the largest and most sustained persecutions of witches in history. Between 1584 and 1631, more than 1,100 people were investigated for witchcraft, and as many as 900 died. This book examines how such an extraordinary wave of persecution emerged and why it reached such devastating intensity.

William Bradford Smith traces the origins and escalation of the Bamberg witch trials. He situates the persecutions within a landscape of long-standing popular beliefs about witchcraft and magic and the growing body of legal doctrine addressing superstition that culminated in the Bamberg Criminal Code. The study follows how local panics, religious tensions associated with the Counter-Reformation, economic crises, and the centralization of justice converged to produce organized persecution. Using trial records, sermons, mandates, newssheets, and other contemporary sources, Smith shows how propaganda, preaching, the press, rumor, and gossip built support for persecution in Bamberg while bringing to light the struggles of those caught up in the trials.

Based on a wealth of archival evidence, much of it previously unpublished, the book illuminates the social, political, and emotional dynamics that sustained one of Europe's most notorious witch hunts. It will be of particular interest to students and scholars of witchcraft persecution and early modern European history.

Chronicles the pioneering reformer whose 1920s study of female sexuality ignited America's first sexual revolution

Decades before Alfred Kinsey released his famous "Reports" on human sexuality, Katharine Bement Davis conducted a pioneering study of female sexuality. Published in 1929, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women was notable not only as the first major study of women's sexuality and the first such study conducted by a woman, but also as the first published study of "normal" women's sexuality - what Davis defined as the study of women who were "not pathological mentally or physically."

In Matters of Sex, Anya Jabour offers an in-depth exploration of Katharine Bement Davis's life and work, revealing her pioneering efforts to promote scientifically accurate information about sex. Even before publishing her study, Davis was a true trailblazer. One of the first women to earn a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, Davis worked as a schoolteacher and a social worker before serving as the first superintendent of Bedford Female Reformatory and New York City's first female Commissioner of Correction. The book traces her journey as an advocate for female sexuality, exploring her work with birth control and free speech advocates to promote both sex research and sex education.

Jabour showcases how Davis's candid discussion of women's sexual behavior - from contraception to masturbation to lesbianism - challenged prevailing ideas about "pure" and "passionless" women and drove the nation's first sexual revolution. Drawing from organizational records, Davis's own unpublished memoirs, and family-held materials never before consulted by scholars, Matters of Sex offers a comprehensive and engaging biography of a remarkable woman whose legacy still resonates today.

As Western Christendom expanded dramatically along its frontiers in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Church leaders debated how to organize and administer newly captured diocesan lands. These questions were especially pressing in the Iberian Peninsula, where conquests ushered in piecemeal, multidimensional processes of consolidation and integration in which lay and religious authorities sought to establish ecclesiastical institutions to govern territories containing Christian and non-Christian populations.

In Diocesan Dominion, Thomas Barton examines these dynamics through the comparative lens of two neighboring dioceses, Lleida and Tortosa, each formed from conquered Muslim territory in the mid-twelfth century. Using rich archival records, Barton reconstructs how bishops and their clergy strategized to enhance their authority over diocesan lands by engaging with landlords, military orders, and monasteries. He observes that, while these litigants sometimes invoked authorities such as the papacy or lay rulers and appealed to rigid privileges or legal guidelines to help resolve conflicts, they usually formulated compromises, sharing jurisdiction and resources. Observing commonalities and contrasts among these cases, Barton demonstrates the locally contingent nature of episcopal authority and shows how Western Christendom developed variegated and flexible ecclesiastical administrative frameworks long before its early-modern globalization.

The first book in any language to reconstruct the postconquest history of the dioceses of Lleida and Tortosa, Diocesan Dominion challenges default assumptions about episcopal practices during the high and later medieval periods and will be essential reading for all scholars in the field.

Resistance in New England Slavery: Venture's America offers a comprehensive exploration of the diverse methods of resistance employed by enslaved people in New England between 1650 and 1800.

Drawing on an extensive range of archival sources including newspapers, petitions, court records, and enslaved people's narratives, this book explores how enslaved individuals challenged their bondage, and how enslavers and colonial authorities responded, across the colonial and Revolutionary eras. Organized thematically, the book examines key forms of resistance, including violence, running away, freedom suits, manumission, and petitions for abolition. It uniquely examines Native American and African American slavery side by side, demonstrating how Indigenous resistance shaped African American resistance strategies well into the eighteenth century, and further, how resistance shaped the abolition movement.

Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students of slavery, early American history, and the Atlantic world, the volume provides a valuable resource for teaching and research on resistance and abolition.

Street Noise offers a series of historical and cultural reflections and observations about York City. It presents innovative insights into many day-to-day aspects of New York City that have been ignored or forgotten. Street Noise is a unique mixture of urban studies and cultural theory.

Through a blend of provocative and evocative musings about New York City, the book provides both the sophisticated reader and the casual "tourist" with themes, issues, and topics often overlooked or not adequately considered. It explores interesting destinations not typically on a tourist's "to-do list," and offers a serious and rigorous analysis of important sites and characteristics that make New York New York. A wide range of topics is discussed in a series of short notes in this book, from the origins of Ray's Pizza to the social dynamics of cell phone users. This hybrid text is both a cultural critique and an ode to the city, offering readers a unique perspective on one of the world's most dynamic urban landscapes.

Street Noise will appeal to graduate and undergraduate students interested in cultural and social theory, urban studies, architecture, urban design, and history. Yet it is a book that is readily accessible to both the tourist and the general reader interested in New York City. It would also be a perfect memento and gift.

Peter Thomas was a successful churchman and crusading papal legate of the 14th century who began his career as an impoverished Carmelite friar and ended it as Latin patriarch of Constantinople. The Life of Peter Thomas, a biography written immediately after Peter's death by a devoted friend, Philippe de Mezieres, who is himself an important figure in the history of the crusades, is not only the best source for the life of Peter Thomas, but an extremely valuable source for the history of the crusades, most importantly the attack on Alexandria in 1365 led by King Peter I of Cyprus.

The work also provides a wealth of other insights into the history of the Mediterranean of that period, including inter-faith relations in the Kingdom of Cyprus, the relationship between the Latin and Orthodox churches, and the messy political struggles in Italy and surrounding areas. This translation of Philippe de Mezieres' Life of Peter Thomas makes use of the best modern edition of the text, and as such is the first translation of what is the fullest surviving version of the Life. Additional material written by Philippe de Mezieres has been selected and translated here for the first time to offer further insight into the two men and their activities in service of the crusade.

The translation makes this important text more accessible than ever before for students and others with an interest in the crusades and the Eastern Mediterranean in the later medieval period.

How policing has fundamentally shaped the Latinx experience.

The history of Latinx groups in the United States has been marked, from the beginning, by experiences of criminalization and violence at the hands of law enforcement. Marisol LeBron argues that policing has left an indelible mark on Latinx communities across the country and has come to shape our understanding of what it means to be Latinx.

Spanning the nineteenth century to the present, Policed examines how policing became a key component in the formation of Latinx identity and political consciousness, and still lies at the heart of many pressing issues confronting Latinx communities today, including immigration, employment, health, and housing. More than simply telling a story of police brutality and harassment, LeBron powerfully shows that Latinx people have continually resisted state violence and worked to build a more liberated future.

Interpreting the Indigenous South reframes public history as a space of Indigenous authority and self-representation, where communities define how their histories are told, their knowledge preserved, and their relationships to place understood.

In the American South, where Indigenous histories have long been obscured by narratives of disappearance, Native nations are not only present but are actively reclaiming how their stories are told. Drawing on vivid examples from across the region, this book shows how tribal nations have transformed museums, archives, landscapes, and public platforms into instruments of cultural survival and continuity. The book reveals how Indigenous communities are using public history as a living practice to sustain their identities and project their futures. From environmental stewardship and commemorative journeys to digital storytelling and intergenerational teaching, what outsiders may dismiss as performance or tourism emerges as a strategic practice.

By exploring different methodological approaches and providing multiple examples of how tribal communities are involved in the co-production of knowledge and historical interventions, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Native American studies and history, as well as public history practitioners.

This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date examination of ceramic materials from ancient and pre-industrial Cyprus, integrating scientific approaches and research advances across disciplines such as archaeology, materials science, art history, and ethnography.

While existing research has often concentrated on individual wares, styles, sites, or periods, this volume brings together a wide range of case studies that showcase the richness and diversity of Cypriot ceramic traditions, highlighting how localised investigations can inform broader discussion of technological practice, social meaning, and cultural interactions across time and space. Employing interdisciplinary and diachronic perspectives, it traces transformations in ceramic traditions of the island, from their earliest developments to their persistence into the modern era. It highlights not only shifts in production techniques and technological practices, but also the wider social meanings attached to pottery as an everyday medium and as a marker of identity, exchange, and interaction. The contributions combine synthetic overviews with detailed case studies that demonstrate innovative methodological frameworks and cutting-edge analytical techniques, while also engaging with broader interpretative and theoretical paradigms. Organised into four thematic sections - Theoretical and Methodological Advances; Bronze Age to Geometric Periods; Archaic to Roman Periods; Late Antiquity to Modern Periods - the book covers an exceptional chronological span. Topics explored include craft specialisation and technological innovations, resource exploitation and manufacturing processes, production strategies and consumption patterns, as well as the role of ceramics in connectivity networks, long-distance trade, and socio-cultural interactions both within and beyond Cyprus.

Addressing current challenges and limitations in Cypriot ceramic studies and proposing new avenues for future research, this book offers a multidisciplinary, comprehensive, and diachronic synthesis of the latest scholarship on Cypriot ceramics within its broader cultural context and is therefore a crucial resource for scholars and students alike

Asian Americans are the fastest-growing voting bloc in the United States, with AAPI turnout hitting a record high in the 2020 elections. Yet, as a political cohort, they are also remarkably complex and diverse, encompassing a number of ethno-racial groups with different languages, religions, and cultures. How, exactly, can we define Asian America? And what insight can we discern from their politics?

In The Battle for Belonging, Andrew L. Aoki, James S. Lai, and Okiyoshi Takeda provide the first comprehensive, up-to-date textbook in over a decade that guides readers through the key political issues, beliefs, and activism that shape the lives of Asian Americans today.

Beginning with the first large waves of immigrants, the authors show Asians in America have fought for equal treatment and opportunity, struggling against individual prejudices and systemic discrimination. While this battle for belonging has been a constant, Asian America has changed greatly. The authors look at how the growing diversity has contributed to a wider range of views, and how the changing circumstances of Asian immigrants has helped drive new forms of political engagement. No longer clustered in inner-city areas, Asian Americans today are often concentrated in suburban cities, mobilizing through online platforms that can be overlooked by more traditional political organizing.

Timely topics include the social media activism of unnaturalized Asian American youth; the role that Asian American community-based organizations play as key political actors; the strategies employed by Asian American political campaigns and office-holders; and recent coalition-building with other people of color, including Black and Indigenous communities. Ultimately, Aoki, Lai, and Takeda provide much-needed, contemporary insight into the changing political identity and actions of Asian Americans.

A new biography revealing the remarkable story of Jackie Robinson as a civil rights crusader

Jackie Robinson is one of the most enduring icons of the great American pastime-the man who broke baseball's color line in the twentieth century, opening the door for his fellow professionals and allowing rising generations to dream of fame and glory on the diamond. But for number 42, playing for the Dodgers was just a beginning. As Peter Eisenstadt demonstrates in this compelling new biography, Robinson's trailblazing journey was more than a role that fate thrust on him-it was politically informed and consciously connected in Robinson's mind to a vision of integration and full Black citizenship.

When he ventured out of the Negro Leagues and into the majors, as the league's sole Black player, his triumph could have stopped at mere tokenism. Eisenstadt reveals a more ambitious goal on Robinson's part, as well as a side to the great sports hero we have never fully appreciated. This book explores the political and spiritual roots of Jackie Robinson's quest for Black citizenship from his boyhood in Pasadena to his service days-during which he was court-martialed for refusing to change seats on a segregated bus-to a transcendent athletic career that included an MVP award, a World Series victory, and eventually a place in the Hall of Fame. In his life after baseball, Robinson went on to serve as a civil rights leader, columnist, and political advocate.

The determination that spurred his great achievements was always accompanied by an understanding of just how far society still needed to go: despite his success, at the end of his life he was convinced that he "never had it made." In telling the story of Robinson's remarkable life, this book sheds invaluable light on the complex meanings of integration.

Reexamining a seminal work on British capitalism and Caribbean slavery and its continuing reverberations in the twenty-first century

Eric Williams's Capitalism and Slavery (1944), with its insightful and provocative theses about the relationship between Caribbean slavery and the growth of the British economy and the Industrial Revolution, has proved an enduring and controversial book. Never out of print since its publication, it is constantly being reevaluated and reassessed in the light of changing scholarship and new understandings of race, slavery, and capitalism. Recent years have seen considerable interest in the topics that first motivated Williams's lively and polemical work. The essays in this collection dissect the links between the existence of racial slavery in the Americas, the concomitant rise of capitalism, and the vital role of both slavery and capitalism in the making of the modern world-essential topics not just in the reevaluation of Williams's ideas for the twenty-first century but as areas of fierce interest and even fiercer debate in contemporary intellectual life.

For centuries, both the Aztec and the Spanish sought to control catastrophic flooding in Tenochtitlan and later Mexico City, but their responses were about more than just engineering. What might seem like straightforward hydraulic projects emerge, under rigorous examination, as complex intersections of visual cultures and philosophical worldviews about nature and cities.

Blending art history with the histories of cartography, science, technology, and the environment, this book offers a nuanced account of Mexico City's urban development. At its core is the visual culture of water-maps, drawings, and paintings by both indigenous and European artists that expose the differing epistemologies shaping Aztec and Spanish approaches to urban planning. Unlike the Aztec, who used causeways to adapt the city to its aquatic environment, the Spanish employed European methods of hydraulic engineering to overcome New World nature. In addition to being a technical solution, this drainage project served a philosophical purpose: to secure a new historical genesis for Mexico City by rooting it in the history of European antiquity and classical architecture, and by emancipating it from Tenochtitlan's most iconic feature-water.

The Aquatic Metropolis is essential reading for scholars and students of environmental history, art history, urban studies, and Latin American studies. It shows that Mexico City's modern flood crises are not just contemporary problems but the outcome of cultural attitudes and decisions that have deep roots in the colonial past. Understanding this history offers critical tools for addressing the city's future amid climate change.

Casting light across the US-Mexico borderlands, Carlos Alonso Nugent reveals the region's "imagined environments"-the frameworks through which its human groups have represented, related to, and resided in their more-than-human worlds. While these imagined environments can feel immersive and even immutable, Nugent explains how they have in fact emerged in everything from Apache pictographs to US and Mexican laws to novels, poems, paintings, and photographs. By showing how the larger imagined environments have shaped and been shaped by such cultural constituents, he revises accepted accounts of relational racialization. Advancing from 1848 to the present, he demonstrates that whiteness has coevolved with western water infrastructures, that Latinidades have developed through divergent forms of land tenure, and that Native nations have thrived not only by staying in specific places but also by migrating across vast spaces. With such stories, Nugent complicates the environmental humanities; even as he argues that media have naturalized our use and abuse of the planet, he still explores how they have helped us love places we have never been and care for creatures we have never met.

The globetrotting champion of the oppressed who shook his fist at the world in an era of profound change

Prizefighter is the extraordinary saga of James "Yankee" Sullivan, who, in the first half of the nineteenth century, traveled the globe as a refugee, convict, laborer, and pugilist-and helped bring our modern world into being. Sullivan was born as Francis Ambrose in Ireland in 1813, ventured to London as a boy, was arrested for thieving and shipped to Australia (where he learned to box), escaped from New Zealand on a whaler, won his first match out of Liverpool, reigned as a prizefighter and leading political figure in New York City in the 1840s, moved to Gold Rush California, coached the king of Hawaii in boxing, and spent his last days in a jail cell in San Francisco in 1856. But Sullivan's life story is much more than a tale of adventure. He helped tie together a world being redefined by free trade, mass migration, industrialization, and democracy, becoming both a champion in the ring and a champion of the people. In this first era of globalization, as the life of Yankee Sullivan attests, prizefighters were world-makers.

The first biography of a neglected but crucial revolutionary figure and fascinating window into his world

Study the American Revolution and you might miss the name Robert Carter Nicholas; study Robert Carter Nicholas and you will see the entire revolution. This is the first biography of the Virginia patriot who served in the House of Burgesses and has gone down in history as an opponent of Patrick Henry-though the reality is more complicated.

In reconstructing Nicholas's life, Brent Tarter recovers late colonial Virginian society in all of its complexity, showing how men and women of the upper classes lived; how they depended on slavery for their wealth and social status; how they were surrounded by enslaved people almost all of the time; how they brought up and educated their children; how the complex international tobacco economy operated; and how the institutions of government functioned.

The life of Robert Carter Nicholas illustrates like few others how a decade of profoundly important challenges and changes culminated in the decision of elite leaders-who at first glance appear to have had nothing to gain and much to lose by risking a revolution-to vote for independence from Great Britain in 1776.

Women, Violence and Twentieth Century Warfare explores the unspoken and hidden impact of war and violent conflict on women, focusing on the case study of Ireland within a broader framework of ethical remembrance.

The violence experienced in the decades after the Irish revolution (1919-23), up to the period encompassing the later "Troubles" in Northern Ireland (1968-98) left enduring social and psychological impacts on society, both in and outside of Ireland. Linda Connolly clearly and systematically synthesises these experiences into a narrative picture which incorporates in-depth research conducted across multiple sources and documents. The book explores the wider relationship between war, gender and violence in twentieth century conflicts, using examples such as forced hair taking, sexual violence, psychological trauma, and migration. Coming up to the end of the twentieth century, the volume sheds light not only on what happened to women during revolution, but also long after, as well as addressing questions around why women experienced violence in the way they did.

Bringing together ideas from feminist theories of war, women's history, and trauma-informed research, this book will be of interest to students and a scholars of Gender Studies and Irish Studies internationally.